Tears of Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus, And Semitendinosus are Not Equal—A New Individual Muscle-Tendon Concept in Athletes

Objectives: Hamstring injuries are common and can now be accurately diagnosed. In addition, novel surgical indications have been introduced. However, evidence-based guidelines on the hamstring injuries in management of top-level athletes are missing.Methods: The management methods and outcomes of treatment are classically based on relatively small case series. We discuss a novel concept based on the fact that each tendon of the hamstrings muscle should be managed in an individual fashion. Furthermore, suitable indications for hamstring surgery in athletes are introduced.Results: The present study introduces modern treatment principles for hamstring injury management. Typical clinical and imagining findings as well as surgical treatment are presented based on a critical review of the available literature and personal experience.Conclusion: Hamstring injuries should not be considered to be all equal given the complexity of this anatomical region: The three separate tendons are different, and this impacts greatly on the decision-making process and outcomes in athletes.</p

Higher harmonic non-linear flow modes of charged hadrons in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Anisotropic flow coefficients, nu(n), non-linear flow mode coefficients, chi(n,mk), and correlations among different symmetry planes, rho(n,mk) are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02TeV. Results obtained with multi-particle correlations are reported for the transverse momentum interval 0.2 <p(T) <5.0 GeV/c within the pseudorapidity interval 0.4 <vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 as a function of collision centrality. The nu(n) coefficients and chi(n,mk) and rho(n,mk) are presented up to the ninth and seventh harmonic order, respectively. Calculations suggest that the correlations measured in different symmetry planes and the non-linear flow mode coefficients are dependent on the shear and bulk viscosity to entropy ratios of the medium created in heavy-ion collisions. The comparison between these measurements and those at lower energies and calculations from hydrodynamic models places strong constraints on the initial conditions and transport properties of the system.Peer reviewe

Investigation of the p-Sigma(0) interaction via femtoscopy in pp collisions

This Letter presents the first direct investigation of the p-Sigma(0) interaction, using the femtoscopy technique in high-multiplicity pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV measured by the ALICE detector. The Sigma(0) is reconstructed via the decay channel to Lambda gamma, and the subsequent decay of Lambda to p pi(-). The photon is detected via the conversion in material to e(+)e(-) pairs exploiting the capability of the ALICE detector to measure electrons at low transverse momenta. The measured p-Sigma(0) correlation indicates a shallow strong interaction. The comparison of the data to several theoretical predictions obtained employing the Correlation Analysis Tool using the Schrodinger Equation (CATS) and the Lednicky-Lyuboshits approach shows that the current experimental precision does not yet allow to discriminate between different models, as it is the case for the available scattering and hypernuclei data. Nevertheless, the p-Sigma(0) correlation function is found to be sensitive to the strong interaction, and driven by the interplay of the different spin and isospin channels. This pioneering study demonstrates the feasibility of a femtoscopic measurement in the p-Sigma(0) channel and with the expected larger data samples in LHC Run 3 and Run 4, the p-Sigma(0) interaction will be constrained with high precision. (C) 2020 European Organization for Nuclear Research. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

First Results from the TOTEM Experiment

The first physics results from the TOTEM experiment are here reported, concerning the measurements of the total, differential elastic, elastic and inelastic pp cross-section at the LHC energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV, obtained using the luminosity measurement from CMS. A preliminary measurement of the forward charged particle $\eta$ distribution is also shown.Comment: Conference Proceeding. MPI@LHC 2010: 2nd International Workshop on Multiple Partonic Interactions at the LHC. Glasgow (UK), 29th of November to the 3rd of December 201

Performance of the TOTEM Detectors at the LHC

The TOTEM Experiment is designed to measure the total proton-proton cross-section with the luminosity-independent method and to study elastic and diffractive pp scattering at the LHC. To achieve optimum forward coverage for charged particles emitted by the pp collisions in the interaction point IP5, two tracking telescopes, T1 and T2, are installed on each side of the IP in the pseudorapidity region 3.1 < = |eta | < = 6.5, and special movable beam-pipe insertions - called Roman Pots (RP) - are placed at distances of +- 147 m and +- 220 m from IP5. This article describes in detail the working of the TOTEM detector to produce physics results in the first three years of operation and data taking at the LHC.Comment: 40 pages, 31 figures, submitted to Int. J. Mod. Phys.

LHC Optics Measurement with Proton Tracks Detected by the Roman Pots of the TOTEM Experiment

Precise knowledge of the beam optics at the LHC is crucial to fulfil the physics goals of the TOTEM experiment, where the kinematics of the scattered protons is reconstructed with the near-beam telescopes -- so-called Roman Pots (RP). Before being detected, the protons' trajectories are influenced by the magnetic fields of the accelerator lattice. Thus precise understanding of the proton transport is of key importance for the experiment. A novel method of optics evaluation is proposed which exploits kinematical distributions of elastically scattered protons observed in the RPs. Theoretical predictions, as well as Monte Carlo studies, show that the residual uncertainty of this optics estimation method is smaller than 0.25 percent.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, 5 figures, to be submitted to New J. Phy

Double diffractive cross-section measurement in the forward region at LHC

The first double diffractive cross-section measurement in the very forward region has been carried out by the TOTEM experiment at the LHC with center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV. By utilizing the very forward TOTEM tracking detectors T1 and T2, which extend up to |eta|=6.5, a clean sample of double diffractive pp events was extracted. From these events, we measured the cross-section sigma_DD =(116 +- 25) mub for events where both diffractive systems have 4.7 <|eta|_min < 6.5 .Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, submitted for publicatio

Longitudinal and azimuthal evolution of two-particle transverse momentum correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 TeV

This paper presents the first measurements of the charge independent (CI) and charge dependent (CD) two-particle transverse momentum correlators G(2)(CI) and G(2)(CD) in Pb-Pb collisions at root sNN= 2.76 TeVby the ALICE collaboration. The two-particle transverse momentum correlator G(2) was introduced as a measure of the momentum current transfer between neighboringsystem cells. The correlators are measured as a function of pair separation in pseudorapidity (Delta eta) and azimuth (Delta phi) and as a function of collision centrality. From peripheral to central collisions, the correlator G(2)(CI) exhibits a longitudinal broadening while undergoing a monotonic azimuthal narrowing. By contrast, G(2)(CD) exhibits a narrowing along both dimensions. These features are not reproduced by models such as HIJING and AMPT. However, the observed narrowing of the correlators from peripheral to central collisions is expected to result from the stronger transverse flow profiles produced in more central collisions and the longitudinal broadening is predicted to be sensitive to momentum currents and the shear viscosity per unit of entropy density./sof the matter produced in the collisions. The observed broadening is found to be consistent with the hypothesized lower bound of eta/s and is in qualitative agreement with values obtained from anisotropic flow measurements. (c) 2020 Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire,. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section in p+p reactions measured by the LHC Experiment TOTEM at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV in special runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close to the outgoing beam as seven times the transverse beam size. The differential cross-section measurements are reported in the |t|-range of 0.36 to 2.5 GeV^2. Extending the range of data to low t values from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV^2,and utilizing the luminosity measurements of CMS, the total proton-proton cross section at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV is measured to be (98.3 +- 0.2(stat) +- 2.8(syst)) mb.Comment: Proceedings of the XLI International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics. Accepted for publication in Prog. Theor. Phy