Effect of gamma irradiation on fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of low-dose gamma irradiation (0, 1, 3 and 5 kGy) on fatty acid composition of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet. Among all of the fatty acids, oleic acid (C18:1) (with mean 33.50±3.02 g/100 g fatty acids) and myristoleic acid (C14:1) (with mean 0.41±0.26 g/100 g fatty acids) were the most predominant and the lowest fatty acids in all irradiated and non-irradiated samples, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in level of all fatty acids, saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) between Rainbow trout fillet control and irradiated in 1, 3 and 5 kGy. Therefore irradiation process and different doses of irradiation in this study (1, 3 and 5 kGy) had no significant effect (P>0.05) on fatty acid composition

Interactive Effect of Boron Toxicity and Rootstock on the Growth, Photosynthetic Rate and Nutrient Concentrations of Almond Tree

Boron toxicity is an important disorder that can limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid environments. It has been proven that use of tolerant rootstocks impede B uptake or transport to the aerial portions of plants. This may alleviate B toxicity in the scion, consequently improves the tolerance to excess B in the root zone. An experiment was conducted to find interactive effect of B toxicity and rootstock on vegetative growth, photosynthetic rate and nutrient concentrations of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cv. “Ferragnes” grown in the controlled environment. Three levels of B (0.25, 10, 20 mg/l) from H3BO3 and two almond rootstocks (GF677, Tuono) were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results showed that the higher concentration of B had a significant diminish effects on vegetative and physiological characteristics as well nutrient concentrations of almond. The severity of the adverse effects of boron toxicity varied among rootstocks. Fresh and dry weights of leaf and root, leaf number, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index was decreased with increasing B levels. Increased B levels led to decreased N, NO3-, P, K in the leaves while, B concentrations were increased. The concentration of B in stem was closely related to the development of B toxicity in rootstocks, imply that the mechanism of tolerance to higher B concentration in Tuono is associated with exclusion mechanism such as restrict B transport from root system to aerial parts. Hence, under excess B conditions Tuono can be used as tolerant rootstock for different almond cultivars

Effect of salicylic acid foliar application on Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Sultana’ under salinity stress

The current survey aimed to study the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on salinity stress of grapevine cv. ’Sultana’. The leaves of hydroponically cultivated grapes that were under 0, 75 and 150 mM salinity conditions treated with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM SA and after two weeks, the factors such as Na+, K+, proline and MDA contents, leaf electrolyte leakage and enzymatic activities were measured. The results showed that all SA treatments were significantly effective at tolerance enhancement by reduction in Na+/K+ ratio, leaf electrolyte leakage, MDA and H2O2 values and promotion in proline content and the enzymatic activities (POD, APX, CAT and SOD) of grapes. These results indicated that SA application at salinity condition could be applied as a promising method for increasing the salinity tolerance of ‘Sultana’ grapes

Corrigendum to �IL-21 and IL-21-producing T cells are involved in multiple sclerosis severity and progression� Immunol. Lett. 216 (2019) 12�20(S0165247819301749)(10.1016/j.imlet.2019.09.003)

The authors regret the exclusion of tracking code in the Acknowledgment Section of the original article. The corrected text is presented below: �Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tracking code: 58833.� The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. © 2020 European Federation of Immunological Societie

Immunomodulatory Effects of Calcitriol through DNA Methylation Alteration of FOXP3 in the CD4(+) T Cells of Mice

Vitamin D plays a variety of physiological functions, such as regulating mineral homeostasis. More recently, it has emerged as an immunomodulator player, affecting several types of immune cells, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells. It has been reported that vitamin D exerts some mediatory effects through an epigenetic mechanism. In this study, the impacts of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, on the methylation of the conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2) region of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene promoter, were evaluated. Fourteen C57BL/6 mice were recruited in this study and divided into two intervention and control groups. The CD4(+) T cells were isolated from mice splenocytes. The expression of FOXP3, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta 1) genes were relatively quantified by real-time PCR technique, and the DNA methylation percentage of every CpG site in the CNS2 region was measured individually by bisulfite-sequencing PCR. Vitamin D Intervention could significantly (p<0.05) increase the expression of FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-beta 1 genes in the CD4(+) T cells of mice comparing with the control group. Meanwhile, methylation of the CNS2 region of FOXP3 promoter was significantly decreased in three of ten CpG sites in the vitamin D group compared to the control group. The results of this study showed that vitamin D can engage the methylation process to induce FOXP3 gene expression and probably Treg cytokines profile. Further researches are needed to discover the precise epigenetic mechanisms by which vitamin D modulates the immune system