Generation of quasi continuous-wave electron beams in an L-band normal conducting pulsed RF injector for laboratory astrophysics experiments

We report on an approach to produce quasi continuous-wave (cw) electron beams with an average beam current of milliamperes and a mean beam energy of a few MeV in a pulsed RF injector. Potential applications are in the planned laboratory astrophysics programs at DESY. The beam generation is based on field emission from a specially designed metallic field emitter. A quasi cw beam profile is formed over subsequent RF cycles at the resonance frequency of the gun cavity. This is realized by debunching in a cut disk structure accelerating cavity (booster) downstream of the gun. The peak and average beam currents can be tuned in beam dynamics simulations by adjusting operation conditions of the booster cavity. Optimization of the transverse beam size at specific positions (e.g., entrance of the plasma experiment) is performed by applying magnetic focusing fields provided by solenoids along the beam line. In this paper, the design of a microtip field emitter is introduced and characterized in electromagnetic field simulations in the gun cavity. A series of particle tracking simulations are conducted for multi-parametric optimization of the parameters of the produced quasi cw electron beams. The obtained results will be presented and discussed. In addition, measurements of the parasitic field emission (PFE) current (dark current) in the PITZ gun will be exemplarily shown to distinguish its order of magnitude from the produced beam current by the designed field emitter.Comment: 23 pages, 17 figure

Correction to: Two years later: Is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still having an impact on emergency surgery? An international cross-sectional survey among WSES members

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing and a major challenge for health care services worldwide. In the first WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey, a strong negative impact on emergency surgery (ES) had been described already early in the pandemic situation. However, the knowledge is limited about current effects of the pandemic on patient flow through emergency rooms, daily routine and decision making in ES as well as their changes over time during the last two pandemic years. This second WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey investigates the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ES during the course of the pandemic. Methods: A web survey had been distributed to medical specialists in ES during a four-week period from January 2022, investigating the impact of the pandemic on patients and septic diseases both requiring ES, structural problems due to the pandemic and time-to-intervention in ES routine. Results: 367 collaborators from 59 countries responded to the survey. The majority indicated that the pandemic still significantly impacts on treatment and outcome of surgical emergency patients (83.1% and 78.5%, respectively). As reasons, the collaborators reported decreased case load in ES (44.7%), but patients presenting with more prolonged and severe diseases, especially concerning perforated appendicitis (62.1%) and diverticulitis (57.5%). Otherwise, approximately 50% of the participants still observe a delay in time-to-intervention in ES compared with the situation before the pandemic. Relevant causes leading to enlarged time-to-intervention in ES during the pandemic are persistent problems with in-hospital logistics, lacks in medical staff as well as operating room and intensive care capacities during the pandemic. This leads not only to the need for triage or transferring of ES patients to other hospitals, reported by 64.0% and 48.8% of the collaborators, respectively, but also to paradigm shifts in treatment modalities to non-operative approaches reported by 67.3% of the participants, especially in uncomplicated appendicitis, cholecystitis and multiple-recurrent diverticulitis. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still significantly impacts on care and outcome of patients in ES. Well-known problems with in-hospital logistics are not sufficiently resolved by now; however, medical staff shortages and reduced capacities have been dramatically aggravated over last two pandemic years

Etude de la résolution angulaire du télescope à neutrinos ANTARES

High energy neutrino physics is a relatively new field in astroparticle physics. The detection of highly energetic neutrinos needs a new kind of large telescopes. The ANTARES collaboration aims to build such a deep sea neutrino telescope. After an intensive phase of R-D the construction of a 0,1 km² detector has started. For the recognition of a small signal within the enormous background, a powerful and effective trigger system is needed. A study of a local trigger which led to the definition of the final trigger system is presented in this work. Furthermore, the detector performances are analysed. For this study the simulation of very high energy events is necessary. Different simulation programs were compared before being used. One of the most important parameters of a telescope is the angular resolution. We found it to be of the order of 0,5° for upgoing tracks and smaller than 1° for down going tracks. A good pointing accuracy and an absolute positioning can be proved by the detection of the moon shadow which should be possible after 2-5 years of data taking.L'astrophysique des neutrinos de haute énergie est une branche relativement récente dans l'astrophysique des particules. L'observation de ces neutrinos nécessite la construction de nouveaux types de télescopes immenses. Après une phase de recherche et de développement pendant laquelle elle a démontré la faisabilité d'une telle entreprise en milieu sous-marin, la collaboration ANTARES construit maintenant un télescope à neutrinos avec une surface de 0,1 km². Le détecteur, exposé à un taux élevé de bruit de fond ambiant, doit être capable de reconnaître un faible signal physique, ce qui nécessite un déclenchement à la fois puissant et efficace. Nous présentons ici une analyse des différentes possibilités d'un déclenchement local. A l'issue de cette étude, la définition du déclenchement final du détecteur est devenue possible. Nous présentons également une étude des performances du détecteur envisagé. L'analyse nécessite la simulation d'événements de très haute énergie (TeV-PeV). A ces énergie les programmes de simulation utilisent des hypothèses différentes, ce qui a nécessité une comparaison de leurs résultats avant utilisation. Une caractéristique importante d'un télescope à neutrinos est sa résolution angulaire. Celle d'ANTARES, obtenue dans cette thèse est de l'ordre de 0,5° pour les muons ascendants et inférieure à 1° pour les muons descendants. Une détection de l'ombre de la Lune, dont nous avons étudié la faisabilité, permet de vérifier ce résultat après 2-5 ans de prise de données