Isparljiva jedinjenja iz ploda mušmule (Mespilus germanica L.) u dve faze zrenja

Medlar is the fruit of Mespilus germanica L. in the family of Rosaceae. The fruit can be eaten only if "bletted" (softened by frost or longer storage). The effect of the maturation stages on the volatile compounds of the medlar fruit was investigated during two different stages. Volatile flavour substances were isolated from the minced pulp of unripe and full ripe medlar fruits by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) with methylene chloride as the extracting solvent. The concentrate was analyzed by GC-FID-MS. Hexanoic and hexadecanoic acids were the predominant acids, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal were the predominant aldehydes, (Z)-3-hexenol and hexanol were the predominant alcohols, with p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, and γ-terpinene (the terpenes responsible for the characteristic medlar flavour) being also present. The C6 aliphatic compounds, such as hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, were observed as the major volatile constituents in the green stage. In contrast, hexanol and (Z)-3-hexenol were the main volatiles in ripe fruits.Mušmula (Mespilus germanica L) je voće iz porodice ruža (Rosaceae). Zeleni plodovi mušmule nisu jestivi već treba da ugnile (omekšaju usled mraza ili tokom čuvanja) pre nego što se koriste u ishrani. Efekat procesa sazrevanja na isparljive komponente ploda mušmule ispitivan je u dve različite faze njegove zrelosti. Isparljiva jedinjenja su izolovana iz izmrvljene pulpe nezrelih i zrelih plodova mušmule pomoću simultane destilacije vodenom parom i ekstrakcije metilen-hloridom. Koncentrovani uzorak je analiziran kombinacijom metoda GC-FID-MS. Heksanska i palmitinska kiselina su najzastupljenije kiseline, heksanal i (E)-2-heksenal su najzastupljeniji aldehidi, (Z)-3-heksenol i heksanol su najzastupljeniji alkoholi i p-cimen, terpinen-4-ol i γ-terpinen, terpeni odgovorni za karakterističnu aromu ploda mušmule, takođe su prisutni. C6 alifatična jedinjenja, kao što su heksanal i (E)-2-heksenal su nađeni kao glavne isparljive komponente zelenih mušmula. Za razliku od njih, heksanol, (Z)-3-heksenol su glavne komponente zrelih plodova mušmule

Chemical composition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L.

Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) sin. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Tulsi basil is a plant originating from the tropical and subtropical areas of India. It is used in both the traditional and official medicine in India. Tulsi is a type of basil that is insufficiently explored and studied in Europe. The goal of this paper is to determine the chemical composition, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil Ocimum sanctum L. grown in Serbia. The quantity of essential oil in 100 g of herb (v/w) is 0.68%, with 41 components identified in the tested essential oil. The most represented chemical group were sesquiturpene hydrocarbonates with 80.47%. Other groups were much less represented. Sesquiturpene hydrocarbonate β-cariophyllene is a predominant component in the essential oil with 63.80%. The quantity of tested essential oil needed to achieve 50% of inhibition of DPPH radicals is 0.35 µg/ml, and it has high potential to neutralize free radicals. The essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity to all tested strains of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It affected all strains in an inhibitory way in the interval 0.34-41.50 µl/ml, and in a bactericide way within the range 22.50-124.5 µl/ml. The most sensitive strains of bacteria were Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, while Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococus faecalis showed greatest resistance. The essential oil exhibited antifungal activity on all tested fungi. It affected all tested fungi in an inhibitory way in the interval 4.42-8.83 µl/ml, and in a microbicide way within the range 10.00-50.00 µl/ml. The most sensitive fungi are: Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicilium funiculosum, while the most resistant one is Aspergillus niger. The tested basil essential oil Ocimum sanctum demonstrated significant antioxidative and antimicrobial effect and may be used as a raw material in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog sastava, antioksidativne i antimikrobne aktivnosti etarskog ulja Ocimum sanctum L. gajenog u Srbiji. Količina etarskog ulja u suvoj herbi prosečno iznosi 0,68%. U njemu je identifikovana 41 komponenta. Najzastupljenija hemijska grupa su seskviterpenski ugljovodonici sa 80,47%. Seskviterpenski ugljovodonik β-kariofilen je sa 63,80% dominantna komponenta u etarskom ulju. Količina etarskog ulja koja je potrebna da se ostvari 50% inhibicije DPPH radikala iznosi 0,35 |µg/ml te ono poseduje visoku sposobnost neutralizacije slobodnih radikala. Etarsko ulje je ispoljilo antibakterijsku aktivnost na sve testirane Gram-pozitivne i Gram-negativne bakterijske sojeve. Ono je delovalo na sve sojeve inhibitorno u intervalu 0,34-41,50 |µl/ml i baktericidno u opsegu 22,50-124,50 |µl/ml. Etarsko ulje je ispoljilo i antifungalnu aktivnost na sve testirane gljive i delovalo je inhibitorno u intervalu 4,42-8,83 |µl/ml i mikrobicidno u opsegu 10,00-50,00 |µl/ml.Projekat ministarstva br. III 46001, br. OI 173015 i br. OI 17303

Chemical composition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L.

Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) sin. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Tulsi basil is a plant originating from the tropical and subtropical areas of India. It is used in both the traditional and official medicine in India. Tulsi is a type of basil that is insufficiently explored and studied in Europe. The goal of this paper is to determine the chemical composition, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil Ocimum sanctum L. grown in Serbia. The quantity of essential oil in 100 g of herb (v/w) is 0.68%, with 41 components identified in the tested essential oil. The most represented chemical group were sesquiturpene hydrocarbonates with 80.47%. Other groups were much less represented. Sesquiturpene hydrocarbonate β-cariophyllene is a predominant component in the essential oil with 63.80%. The quantity of tested essential oil needed to achieve 50% of inhibition of DPPH radicals is 0.35 µg/ml, and it has high potential to neutralize free radicals. The essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity to all tested strains of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It affected all strains in an inhibitory way in the interval 0.34-41.50 µl/ml, and in a bactericide way within the range 22.50-124.5 µl/ml. The most sensitive strains of bacteria were Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, while Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococus faecalis showed greatest resistance. The essential oil exhibited antifungal activity on all tested fungi. It affected all tested fungi in an inhibitory way in the interval 4.42-8.83 µl/ml, and in a microbicide way within the range 10.00-50.00 µl/ml. The most sensitive fungi are: Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicilium funiculosum, while the most resistant one is Aspergillus niger. The tested basil essential oil Ocimum sanctum demonstrated significant antioxidative and antimicrobial effect and may be used as a raw material in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog sastava, antioksidativne i antimikrobne aktivnosti etarskog ulja Ocimum sanctum L. gajenog u Srbiji. Količina etarskog ulja u suvoj herbi prosečno iznosi 0,68%. U njemu je identifikovana 41 komponenta. Najzastupljenija hemijska grupa su seskviterpenski ugljovodonici sa 80,47%. Seskviterpenski ugljovodonik β-kariofilen je sa 63,80% dominantna komponenta u etarskom ulju. Količina etarskog ulja koja je potrebna da se ostvari 50% inhibicije DPPH radikala iznosi 0,35 |µg/ml te ono poseduje visoku sposobnost neutralizacije slobodnih radikala. Etarsko ulje je ispoljilo antibakterijsku aktivnost na sve testirane Gram-pozitivne i Gram-negativne bakterijske sojeve. Ono je delovalo na sve sojeve inhibitorno u intervalu 0,34-41,50 |µl/ml i baktericidno u opsegu 22,50-124,50 |µl/ml. Etarsko ulje je ispoljilo i antifungalnu aktivnost na sve testirane gljive i delovalo je inhibitorno u intervalu 4,42-8,83 |µl/ml i mikrobicidno u opsegu 10,00-50,00 |µl/ml.Projekat ministarstva br. III 46001, br. OI 173015 i br. OI 17303

Efficiency of fruitlet thinning in ‘Granny Smith’ apples by use of metamitron

In this paper the results of chemical fruit thinning in the apple cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ carried out with the herbicide Brevis® containing 150 g kg-1 of metamitron as the active ingredient are reported. In two treatments, the effect of this compound was enhanced by NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid). This study was conducted in a commercial apple orchard of PIK “Južni Banat” located in Bela Crkva (Serbia), in two consecutive years (2013, 2014). The planting distance was 3.3×0.8 m (3878 trees ha-1) and trees were trained as slender spindle. Brevis® was sprayed when central fruits in the clusters were 12-14 mm in diameter. Applied treatments in ‘Granny Smith’ were as follows: control, 150, 188, 225, 150 mg L-1 of metamitron + 5 mg L-1 NAA and 225 mg L-1 metamitron + 5 mg L-1 NAA. Spraying volume was 800 L ha-1 in all applied treatments. Metamitron expressed a positive influence on crop load in both investigated years. Treatments containing metamitron alone provided large yield consisting of a high percentage of first quality fruit. The effect of metamitron could be enhanced by mixing with NAA

Effect of 6-BA+GA((4+7)) and nitrogen fertigation on feathering of 'Golden Reinders' apple nine-month-old nursery trees

The apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivar 'Golden Reinders' was used to study the effects of mixture of 6-BA and GA((4+7)) (Promalin) and nitrogen fertigation to improve branching of nine-month-old nursery trees grafted on 'M9' rootstock. Promalin was applied three times in June in weekly intervals, in concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1 to the upper third of trees. Nitrogen (N) was injected weekly at total amount of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha(-1) for season. Obtained results indicated that nursery trees without Promalin treatment were characterized by significantly lower trunk than with Promalin treatments. Application of N through the system in increasing rates significantly contributed to higher values of trunk diameter. Tree leaders were significantly longer in Promalin treatments only when amounts of applied N were above 100 kg ha(-1). However, N influence on height of nursery trees was not confirmed if they were not subjected to Promalin treatment. Total number of feathers and the number of feathers >30 cm were simultaneously increasing with the increase of Promalin rates. The same trend was observed with applying higher amounts of N. Significant interaction effect between Promalin and N confirmed in this study indicates that Promalin treatment has no effect on number of lateral branches without N application. Increasing of Promalin concentrations above 1500 mg L-1 had no significant influence on the number of lateral branches and number of feathers >30 cm, regardless of N amounts

The Influence of Apple Tree Chemical Thinning on Yield and Fruit Quality

In the present study, the influence of different agents for apple tree chemical thinning on yield components and fruit quality was investigated. The experiment was conducted in apple orchard established with cultivars 'Idared', 'Golden Delicious' and 'Mondial Gala' during 2009. The agents tested were Napthalenacetamid (NAD), alpha-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA, two concentrations) and Carbaryl (Sevin WP-50). Chemical thinning expressed significant influence on decreasing of fruit number per tree and increasing of fruit size. Among the tested agents only Carbaryl did not show these effects in 'Golden Delicious'. Yield per tree was not affected by chemical treatments in 'Idared', whereas the thinning significantly decreased the yields in 'Golden Delicious' and 'Mondial Gala'. A significant return bloom was recorded in all chemical treatments in 'Idared' and 'Golden Delicious'. Chemical fruit composition was not influenced by thinning treatments in all tested cultivars. In 'Mondial Gala' more intensive fruit colour was recorded in the treatments with Carbaryl and NAD, which also reduced the fruit number per tree

Effect of crop load on apple tree growth and productivity in the first year of planting

High quality one-year-old nursery trees of the apple cultivars 'Golden Reinders', 'Granny Smith' and 'Red Chief', with more than seven lateral shoots, were planted in 2008 bearing fruits the same year. Two levels of crop load (3 and 6 fruits per tree) were applied in cultivars 'Red Chief' and 'Granny Smith', whereas six levels of crop load (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 fruits per tree) in cultivar 'Golden Reinders'. Control treatment without fruits was also included in all cultivars. Planting distance was 3.2× 0.8 m and the trees were trained like slender spindle. Crop load in cultivar 'Red Chief' did not influence on trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), while a reduction of TCSA was recorded in treatments with 9 or more fruits per tree in cultivar 'Golden Reinders'. Crop load increased also the growth in cultivar 'Granny Smith'. Number of shoots and total shoot length decreased on more fruitful trees of cultivar 'Red Chief' in relation to control treatment. 'Golden Reinders' had both lower number of shoots and total length when 9 or more fruits were left in the trees, while this trend were observed in 'Granny Smith' when only 6 fruits per tree were left. Crop load influenced the yield of cultivars, as trees with 6 fruits produced 4.6 t ha-1 in cultivar 'Red Chief', 4,03 in cultivar 'Golden Reinders' and 4,7 t ha-1 in cultivar 'Granny Smith'. By increasing crop load above 6 fruits per tree, fruit weight decreased in cultivars 'Red Chief' and 'Granny Smith'. Fruit weight of cultivar 'Golden Reinders' was decreased only in trees with 15 fruits. Crop load reduced flower buds the following year in cultivar 'Red Chief'. However, cultivars 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Reinders' with 3 and 6 fruits per tree formed enough reproductive buds for optimal yield in the second year

Flowering Dynamic and Susceptibility of the Flowers of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and Red Currant (Ribes rubrum L.) to Spring Frosts

In this paper, we investigated dynamic of flowering and the flower sensitivity of 9 black and 6 red currant cultivars to spring frosts. The aim of this study was to separate the most resistant cultivars of spring frosts on that region. The experiment was set up in the orchard of berries, in the farm nursery Omega, Mislodjin near Belgrade, during 2006. In our study both currant cultivars started flowering in the last 10 days of March (average for the period 2007-2009). Time between first flower and first berries varied from 16 to 21 day. The earliest flowering began with the red currants - 'Junifer' and 'Stanca' and black currant 'Bona'. Black currant cultivars did not show correlation between level of frost damage and the beginning of the cultivar flowering. However, among red currant cultivars this correlation is strong. The highest level of freezing was among early-flowering cultivars, and the lowest among late-flowering cultivars

The influence of BA and BA+GA4+7 on formation of sylleptic shoots on one-year-old apple nursery trees

This study presents the influence of BA (6-benzyladenine) and BA+GA4+7 (6-benzyladenine + gibberellic acids 4 and 7) on feathering of one-year-old apple trees of two cultivars Jonagold and Čadel. Different concentrations of BA (300, 600, 1,200 and 1,800 mg L-1) and BA+GA4+7 (500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1) were applied, and two treatments for both chemicals were performed. The first treatment was applied at 70-cm height of nursery trees and the second 2 weeks later. Comparison was performed in relation to untreated control. An application of BA and BA+GA4+7 did not affect both rootstock and nursery tree diameter at 10 cm above the grafting union. Nursery trees of cultivar Jonagold were not influenced by treatments applied, whereas in cultivar Čadel, the treatment with BA+GA4+7 decreased apical growth of nursery trees. The development of sylleptic shoots in both cultivars tested was influenced by the type of growth regulator and concentration applied. Treatment with BA at 300 mg L-1 concentration in both cultivars tested did not influence total length and number of sylleptic shoots, as well as the number of sylleptic shoots longer than 20 cm. The most positive influence on all studied parameters was observed on nursery trees treated with the concentration of 1,200 mg L-1 BA. The lowest concentration of BA+GA4+7 (500 mg L-1) caused the low feathering of both studied cultivars. The higher concentrations (1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1) similarly increased the number and total length of sylleptic shoots of nursery trees. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31063 i br. III46008

Chemical composition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of essential oil Ocimum sanctum L.

Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) sin. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Tulsi basil is a plant originating from tropical and subtropical areas of India. It is used in both the traditional and official medicine in India. Tulsi is a type of basil that is insufficiently explored and studied in Europe. The goal of this paper is to determine the chemical composition, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil Ocimum sanctum L. grown in Serbia. The quantity of essential oil in 100 g of herb (v/w) is 0.68%, with 41 components identified in the tested essential oil. The most represented chemical group are sesquiturpene hydrocarbonates with 80.47%. Other groups were much less represented. Sesquiturpene hydrocarbonate β-cariophyllene is a predominant component in the essential oil with 63.80%. The quantity of tested essential oil needed to achieve 50% of inhibition of DPPH radicals is 0.35 μg/ml, and it has high potential to neutralize free radicals. The essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity to all tested strains of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It affected all strains in an inhibitory way in the interval 0.34-41.50 μl/ml, and in a bactericide way within the range 22.50-124.5 μl/ml. The most sensitive strains of bacteria are Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, while Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococus faecalis showed greatest resistance. The essential oil exhibited antifugal activity on all tested fungi. It affected all tested fungi in an inhibitory way in the interval 4.42-8.83 μl/ml, and in a microbicide way within the range 10.00-50.00 μl/ml. The most sensitive fungi are: Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicilium funiculosum, while the most resistent one is Aspergillus niger. The tested basil essential oil Ocimum sanctum demonstrated significant antioxidative and antimicrobial effect and may be used as a raw material in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries