Effects of Age, Gender, School Class on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills of Nigerian Secondary School Students

Background: The need for training of schoolchildren on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as potential bystander CPR providers is growing globally but Nigeria is still behind and lacks basic necessary data. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age, gender and school class on CPR skills of Nigerian secondary school students.Methods: Using a pretest-posttest quasi experimental study design, 322 senior secondary school students recruited from four schools in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, South- South, Nigeria.  The cohort was assessed on CPR skills before CPR training, immediately after the training and six weeks later for CPR skills retention. Descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistics were used to analyze the data with statistical significance set at P < .05.Results: The three null hypotheses were all accepted as both age, gender and school class were found not to statistically have any influence on the CPR skills of the participants (P > .05).Conclusion/Recommendation: If our current findings are confirmed after further research work, CPR training in our schools should be encouraged for incorporation into our schools’ curricula focusing on the senior secondary school students. Keywords: Age, Gender, School Class, CPR Skills, Nigerian School

Introduction of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation into the Primary and Secondary Schools’ Curricula in Nigeria: The Teachers’ View

Unlike in Nigeria, incorporation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) into the primary / secondary schools’ curricula has been done by many advanced countries. This study aimed at assessing the views of some Nigerian primary and secondary schools’ teachers on the introduction of CPR into their schools’ curricula. Three hundred teachers aged 35 to 45years – 88 (29.33%) male and 212 (70,67%) female from schools in different States in Nigeria who came for 2015 Post NCE programme at the University of Port Harcourt participated in this questionnaire-based study. The data was analyzed using SPSS and tested four null hypotheses using chi-square test with significance level set at 0.05.All the hypotheses were rejected with each having P value of .000 (P < 0.05), thereby strongly indicating that the teachers would want to learn CPR, would also want to teach same to their pupils and students, as well as its introduction into the schools’ curricula. Keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Primary / Secondary Schools, Nigeri

Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills in Nigerian Secondary School Students

Background / Objective: For effective bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), retention of CPR skills after the training is central. The objective of this study was to find out how much of the CPR skills a group of Nigerian secondary school students would retain six weeks after their first exposure to the conventional CPR training. Materials and Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study design with participants drawn from both private and public secondary schools in Obio / Akpor Local Government Area in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The initial cohort (stage I) involved 400 participants from senior secondary school 1 and 2 (SS1) and SS2) when their baseline CPR skills were assessed. The same group was assessed again immediately after the CPR training (stage II) and six weeks post training (stage III). The final cohort involved in both stages I, II and III of the study was 322 exposed to both class room teachings and the practical hands-on sessions using manikins in line with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test. Results: The CPR skills retained by the participants six weeks after their exposure to the training were found statistically (P < 0.05) significant. Neither age nor gender had any significant influence on their CPR skills. Conclusions: The Nigerian secondary school students can learn and retain CPR skills and could serve as effective bystanders CPR providers in emergency situations. Incorporation of the teaching of CPR into Nigerian secondary school curricula is recommended. Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Skills Retention, Secondary School Students, Nigeria

Knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Some Secondary School Students in Nigeria

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is indeed an important life-saving first aid skills practiced throughout the world. It is perhaps the only known effective method of keeping a victim of cardiac arrest alive long enough for definitive treatment to be delivered. When trained in CPR, children and adolescents can recognize the need for care and administer CPR and it has been established to be successful in saving victims life when effectively performed. This study adopted quasi-experimental design aimed at assessing the CPR knowledge among four purposively selected secondary schools in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State of Nigeria before and after training in CPR. Four hundred (400) students were drawn from the schools and copies of the self-administered questionnaire were given to the participants before and after the training in CPR to respond to. At the end of the exercise,.322 questionnaires were found to have been properly filled, giving a response rate of 80.5%. The findings revealed that the level of pre-training knowledge was 8.9% compared to post training knowledge of 88.6%. The knowledge difference between pre and post training in CPR was statistically significant (P <0.05). It was concluded that Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation training was possible among Nigerian students and should be incorporated in Nigerian school curriculum in line with best practices as recommended by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Keywords: CPR, Knowledge, Secondary school students, Nigeria

Tooth loss: Are the patients prepared?

Background and Aim: Tooth loss is associated with esthetic, functional, psychological, and social impacts on the life of individuals. This study was designed to find out how Nigerians feel about losing their teeth and what effects, if any, this has on their lives. Most of the problems presented to the dentist as difficult denture tolerance could be as a result of the emotional effects of tooth loss rather than problems from the denture itself.Materials and Methods: The study was carried using a self-administered questionnaire to consenting adult patients undergoing tooth extraction at the Oral and Maxillofacial Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS, version 15.5.Results: A total of 90 respondents completed the questionnaires; 35 (27.6%) were males while 55 (43.3%) were females. The respondents were aged 0–70 years. Immediate acceptance of tooth loss was noted in 88 (69.3%) cases, but 6 (47%) accepted the loss only after 1 year, while 8 (6.3%) of the cases found it difficult to accept losing their teeth and incidentally, all of them were 30 years and above. Only 52 (40.9%) of the patients were prepared for the emotional effect of losing their teeth. A feeling of relief immediately following tooth extraction was expressed by 75 (43.9%) cases and of these 32 (47.8%) were females. The emotional effects following teeth loss were sadness 22 (12.9%) cases, depression in 11 (6.4%), feeling of losing body part in 24 (14%), feeling of aging in 4 (2.3%), while 13 (7.6%) respondents felt unconcerned.Conclusion: We observed that emotional effects of tooth loss are also experienced among our patients with a range of emotions quite similar to those observed by previous authors from the developed world. The significant number of patients that failed to come to terms with their tooth loss indicates that the effect of tooth loss on self-esteem and selfimage is not short lived as it has been assumed

Orthodontic Treatment Need and Complexity among Nigerian Adolescents in Rivers State, Nigeria

Introduction. The assessment of orthodontic treatment need and complexity are necessary for informed planning of orthodontic services. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess these parameters using the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) in a Nigerian adolescent population in a region where orthodontic services are just being established. Methods. Six hundred and twelve randomly selected Nigerian adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were examined using the ICON in their school compounds. Descriptive statistics were employed in the data analysis. Results. Out of a total of 38.1% of the population found to need orthodontic treatment, there were more males and older adolescents. The overall mean ICON score for the population was 39.7 ± 25.3 SD with males having statistically higher mean ICON score. The grades of complexity of the population were 21.6% for very difficult and difficult, 7.5% moderate, and 70.9% mild/easy. Conclusions. Although just over a third of the adolescents were found to have a need for treatment, about a quarter of them were found to have difficult and very difficult complexity grades indicating a need for specialist care. The authors recommend the training of more specialist orthodontists in this region

Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr

ABSTRACT RESUMO DESCRIPTORS DESCRITORES Ortodontia; Índices; Adolescentes; Maloclusão. Objective: To assess the relationship between Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) in the assessment of orthodontic treatment complexity and need among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: The orthodontic treatment complexity and need of 274 adolescents drawn from 4 secondary schools in Ibadan city, Nigeria aged 12-17 years -142 (51.8%) females and 132 (48.2%) males were examined using the ICON. The orthodontic treatment need of the same subjects was assessed using the DAI. One investigator assessed all the subjects. In addition to descriptive and chi-square statistics, non-parametric correlations (Spearman Rank Order and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficients) were used to test the relationship between the indices. Results: Both indices agreed that 102 (37.2%) of the subjects had no treatment need while out of 27 (9.9%) that ICON considered as belonging to the difficult/very difficult complexity grades, DAI grouped 22 (8.0%) of them as having handicapping malocclusions. The agreements between the indices for both treatment needs as well as for complexity and severity of malocclusions were very statistically significant (P < .01). Overall, the correlations of the scores by both indices were found to be positively strong and very significant (r = .715; P < .01). Conclusion: Both orthodontic indices agreed satisfactorily on both facets of orthodontic treatment provision assessed, suggesting that ICON could validly be used to assess such in orthodontic care of Nigerians

Factors associated with parents’ and adolescents’ perceptions of oral health and need for dental treatment

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72207/1/j.1600-0528.2006.00336.x.pd

Malocclusion, psycho-social impacts and treatment need: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school-children

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>studies on the relationship between children's malocclusion and its psycho-social impacts are so far largely unexplored in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malocclusion, reported dental problems and dissatisfaction with dental appearance among primary school children in Tanzania. The relationship of dissatisfaction with socio-demographic characteristics, clinically defined malocclusion and psychosocial impacts of dental anomalies was investigated. Orthodontic treatment need was estimated using an integrated socio-dental approach.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>One thousand six hundred and one children (mean age 13 yr) attending primary schools in the districts of Kinondoni and Temeke completed face to face interviews and a full mouth clinical examination. The survey instrument was designed to measure a Kiswahili translated and culturally adapted Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) frequency score, reported dental problems, dissatisfaction with dental appearance/function and socio-demographic characteristics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of malocclusion varied from 0.9% (deep bite) to 22.5% (midline shift) with a total of 63.8% having at least one type of anomaly. Moderate proportions of children admitted dental problems; ranging from 7% (space position) to 20% (pain). The odds ratio of having problems with teeth position, spaces, pain and swallowing if having any malocclusion were, respectively 6.7, 3.9, 1.4 and 6.8. A total of 23.3% children were dissatisfied with dental appearance/function. Children dissatisfied with their dental appearance were less likely to be Temeke residents (OR = 0.5) and having parents of higher education (OR = 0.6) and more likely to reporting problem with teeth position (OR = 4.3) and having oral impacts (OR = 2.7). The socio-dental treatment need of 12% was five times lower than the normative need assessment of 63.8%.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Compared to the high prevalence of malocclusion, psycho social impacts and dissatisfaction with appearance/function was not frequent among Tanzanian schoolchildren. Subjects with malocclusion reported problems most frequently and malocclusion together with other psycho-social impact scores determined children's satisfaction with teeth appearance- and function.</p

Pilot survey of oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study of adults in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Oral health studies conducted so far in Nigeria have documented prevalence and incidence of dental disease using traditional clinical measures. However none have investigated the use of an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instrument to document oral health outcomes. The aims of this study are: to describe how oral health affects and impacts quality of life (QoL) and to explore the association between these affects and the oral health care seeking behavior of adults in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey recruited 356 adults aged 18–64 years from two large hospital outpatient departments and from members of a university community. Closed-ended oral health questionnaire with "effect and impact" item-questions from OHQoL-UK(© )instrument was administered by trained interviewers. Collected data included sociodemographic, dental visits, and effects and impact of oral health on QoL. Univariate and bivariable analyses were done and a chi-square test was used to test differences in proportions. Multivariable analyses using ANOVA examined the association between QoL factors and visits to a dentist. RESULTS: Complete data was available for 83% of the participants. About 62% of participants perceived their oral health as affecting their QoL. Overall, 82%, 63%, and 77% of participants perceived that oral health has an effect on their eating or enjoyment of food, sleep or ability to relax, and smiling or laughing, respectively. Some 46%, 36%, and 25% of participants reported that oral health impact their daily activities, social activities, and talking to people, respectively. Dental visits within the last year was significantly associated with eating, speech, and finance (P < 0.05). The summary score for the oral health effects on QoL ranged from 33 to 80 with a median value of 61 (95% CI: 60, 62) and interquartile range of 52–70. Multivariable modeling suggested a model containing only education (F = 6.5, pr>F = 0.0111). The mean of effects sum score for those with secondary/tertiary education levels (mean = 61.8; 95% CI: 60.6, 62.9) was significantly higher than those with less than secondary level of education (mean = 57.2; 95% CI: 57.2, 60.6). CONCLUSION: Most adults in the study reported that oral health affects their life quality, and have little/no impact on their quality of life. Dental visits within the last year were associated with eating, speech, and finance