Corrosion properties of tempered medium carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl and homemade vinegar

ABSTRACT. The consumable palm wine has never been used in heat treatment process of steels. This research therefore focuses on the utilization of the consumable palm wine and other palm tree products as quenchants. The mechanical and physical properties of the samples were also evaluated to determine which of the quenchants that influences the hardness and corrosion rate values of medium carbon steel the most. The corrosion test was performed in 1.0 M of HCl solution and homemade vinegar using potentiodynamic polarization method. The results revealed a hardness value of 431, 351, 359 and 265 HB for the samples quenched in palm wine, palm kernel oil, palm oil and as-received, respectively. The corrosion rates of palm oil tempered samples showed more susceptibity to corrosion in HCl solution with a value of 2.261e+003 mil/year. Vinegar offers the highest corrosion rate with a value of 4.017e+002 mil/year for palm wine tempered. The corrosion rate of the as-received samples pulled the lowest values while on the treated samples, palm kernel oil showed the least corrosion rate values.   KEY WORDS: Consumable palm wine, Palm oil, Hardness, Corrosion rate, Austenitization, Quenching   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 893-901.                                                               DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.14                                                     &nbsp

Climate change mitigation and voluntary disclosure in Malaysia’s listed property companies

Climate change mitigation is a challenge faced by most nations of the world. The task is even more challenging in Malaysia considering the occurrence of sequence of floods within the past and the need to be a part of the developed economy by 2020 which needs environment protection. This paper examines the state of climate change mitigation and the practice of voluntary carbon disclosure in sustainable development practice among listed Property companies in Malaysia. Consequently the paper analyses policies and programs on-going in Malaysia to create an enabling environment for the implementation of climate change mitigation. From the studies, it can argued that Malaysia has made significant progress in setting up legal framework for the implementation of climate change mitigation and voluntary environmental disclosure, but critical mass is yet to be achieved. This was achieved as a function of Malaysia’s membership to United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and ratifying the Kyoto Protocol and also participates in the Clean Development Mechanism; and further establishes nationwide ecological protection laws which are implemented in the government’s Development Plans and development industry master plan. Lastly, the impetus given to the free market sector to be participants in mitigation through the Bursa Malaysia listing requirement that specifies corporate social responsibility reporting as part of the annual reports, with measurement, disclosure and management of emission integral part. The review allows us to infer that the Malaysia voluntary environmental disclosure and climate change mitigation practice in the property sector has made initial progress but there is need for more market driven motivation to be introduced so that more companies especially those in carbon-intensive practice would be involved

PLURALITY AND DISEMPOWERMENT IN AN ERA OF NEOLIBERAL DEMOCRACY: NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA COMPARED

This paper draws on the contrasting experiences of Nigeria and South Africa to explore some interesting parallels in the transition to democracy in contemporary Africa. Undoubtedly, several issues have been raised regarding the representative and multi-party democracy in Nigeria and South Africa. This is in view of the fact both countries flaunt their democratic credentials, aspire for continental leadership and possess continental dreams inspired by differing visions that are popular, participatory and inclusive. Yet, Nigeria and South Africa are two of Africa’s most divided countries, and the advent of their respective democratic dispensations indicate that the democracy in place today is initiated in line with a neoliberal agenda, and has so far failed to produce the desired outcomes

Chiropractic medical system : the making of a clientelle

Most sociological explanations for the success of chiropractic in attracting and maintaining its clientele have failed to consider the clinical context and the nature of the interaction between chiropractors and clients. Rather, most studies have focussed on leadership qualities, the professionalization process, and the ancillary role of chiropractic in health care to account for its success with clients. This study argues that chiropractic in British Columbia is successful in making its clientele because: (1) it is able to persuade new clients toward chiropractic health care by using strategies that are designed to minimize the political, social and economic constraints upon it; (2) chiropractors are able to negotiate successfully, the differences in the health and illness beliefs [HMs] that are held by new clients and chiropractors as well as differences in explanations [EMs] for "present" health problems; and (c) chiropractors are able to provide potential patients with "positive" experiences in chiropractic clinics, which are different, in some respects, from experiences they have had elsewhere, for example, in their relationships with allopathic medicine. This study, therefore, describes how new clients are socialized in chiropractic clinical relationships and subsequently become chiropractic patients. 20 randomly selected chiropractors and a total of 60 new clients were interviewed for their impressions of chiropractic as well as their health beliefs and explanations for "present" health problems prior to encountering each other in the clinical setting. Their interactions were observed in the twenty clinical settings, with special focus on the negotiation of explanatory models. The patients were interviewed again, regarding their experiences and impressions, following their fourth visit to the clinic after their initial encounter. 20 "regular" or long-term chiropractic patients, one from each clinic, were also interviewed regarding their experiences. Data were analyzed by comparing pre- and post-interview results and by describing the nature of clinical interactions, relationships, and negotiation of explanatory models in the context of Kleinman's ethno-medical perspective and Goffman's social ethnographic perspective on interactions in everyday life. It was found that chiropractors (1) provide potential patients with "adequate" information and the opportunity to ask questions; (2) express non-judgemental views on the health problems of clients, which provides new clients with the opportunity to fully explain their health concerns; (3) utilize persuasive interaction structures and processes to minimize both the constraints upon chiropractic and the effects of deviancy and marginality labels, and to manage the impressions of potential patients; and (4) negotiate with potential patients over explanations for the causes of their health problems, which enables the delivery of chiropractic treatment by integrating, "shifting" and modifying clients' explanatory models and, to some extent, their own. These techniques for 'making' the chiropractic clientele appear to be successful. In this study, 53 of the 60 new clients were retained beyond the fifth visit. More generally, chiropractic is now the second largest primary health care provider group in B.C., next to allopathy, and is attracting an increasing number of patients.Arts, Faculty ofAnthropology, Department ofGraduat

Mentally retarded adults in the community: social policy and the normalization of services for deinstitutionalized adults

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature and content of the social policy of "normalization" in community based services which have been used to meet the needs of deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults. In the process it was hoped that data would be obtained to aid decision makers in planning community services for retarded adults. The study was directed to examine the relationship between the levels of normalization in services which had been provided for retarded adults who were discharged from the Provincial institution for mental retardation - Woodlands - under the medical administration of retardation services as well as after the assumption of same responsibility by the Ministry of Human Resources. These administrations represented the medical and the social systems of service delivery. "Normalization" had been adopted as "policy" soon after the transfer of responsibilities by the Ministries. Three areas of concern were examined: Levels of normalization of services; needs of subjects; and normalization as policy. These areas had been central to public discussion of retardation issues in British Columbia. In order to examine the three areas, normalization was defined in the Greater Vancouver Area of study using the explicit judgement of citizens and the implicit judgement of professionals. From their judgements, a criteria for measuring normalization was developed and used in scoring individual services according to the special features of those services. A total of seven service areas were scored: Residential, Social, Medical, Recreational, Educational, Psychological and Vocational. The needs of subjects were identified from institutional records and scored. Five service characteristics were further examined for normalization. These were the nature, type, name, location and degree of integration. An integrated framework for policy analysis as well as empirical results were then used to analyse findings. The study showed that community services were essentially deviant in orientation; that level of normalization were about the same for each five year period of study; that services were inadequate in meeting needs; that there was lack of coordination in delivery of services] and that "normalization" was a principle rather than a policy of the Provincial Government. Implications for policy development as well as areas for further research have been suggested.Medicine, Faculty ofPopulation and Public Health (SPPH), School ofGraduat

Application of the powers of governors’ to charge ground rent under Nigeria land use act of 1978

This study examined the Governors’ powers to charge ground rent and revoke certificate of occupancy in Nigeria under the Land Use Act of 1978 in relation to its impacts on land development. The study found out that there is lack of clarity in the assessment, double payments in the collection of ground rents and loss of revenue by the government. This review strongly suggests that for effective application of ground rent that ensures rapid development of land, there should be an amendment of section 5 (1) of the Act, elimination of frequent revision of ground rent and the use of qualified Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the assessment and collection of ground rents

Development of a novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device for maintenance of cathodic protection systems on oil and gas pipelines

Abstract Periodic inspections are required for oil and gas pipelines equipped with cathodic protection systems (CPS) to prevent corrosion. This inspection takes time and requires money, mobilisation of specialised staff, and accessibility of pipeline right of way which is often hindered by security issues, and bad terrain. A novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device, developed using the NACE SP0169 standard, which measures the pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) reading, transmits the measured data to an IoT server, and a virtual environment for analysis and feedback while providing an immersive experience to the user, all in real-time, is presented. The hardware and software components are developed using Sensors, Arduino Mega 2560 board, AWS Sumerian 1.2.0 software, ThingSpeak IoT server, Blender modelling software and AutoCAD. When implemented on real test posts of oil and gas facilities and compared with the traditional methodology, the system showed consistency of data measurement and analysis, with real-time feedback to users, and a Spearman rank’s correlation coefficient of 0.998944. The study is significant as it provides the oil industry with an expert, easy-to-understand tool which helps to reduce the rate of oil spillage and losses through corrosion

Theoretical explanations of environmental motivations and expectations of clients on green building demand and investment

In building industry, green demand and investment creates a positive footprint on the environment. However, these environmental opportunities have not been adequately harnessed and explored by Clients of green building apparently because of poor understanding of the motivating drivers and benefits accruing from green building demand and investment. The decision to demand for or invest in green building is influenced by certain environmental motivating drivers and expectations which have not been fully examined by researchers and not well understood by stakeholders. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Theory of Value Belief Norm (VBN) explanations, this study focused on the Clients, purchasers and users' motivations and intentions to go for green building. Based on the reviewed theories, we hypothesized that environmental motivations and expectations for green building demand and investment are embedded in the environmental quest for protection of eco-system and bio-diversity, improvement of water and air quality, reduction of solid waste, conservation of natural resources, reduction of societal costs of landfill creation and maintenance, minimization of site impact and reduction emission to air and enhanced energy efficiency. However, the predictive validity of these propositions depends on the client's beliefs, values, social pressure, and perceived behavioural control

Application of social cognitive theory on the motivations and expectations of developers' and investors' to commit to green building construction and supply

While Social cognitive theory has received wide applications in the health communication and education, it has gained little attention in green building market despites its relevance and applicability. The study builds upon social cognitive theory major attributes such as intention, forethought, motivation and expectation to conceptualize a motivation and expectation model for commitment of developers and investors to green building construction and supply. Based on the conceptualized model we infer that motivational expectations of developers and investors in green building construction and supply are rooted in the quest for profit maximization, financial viability of green construction, expected rate of return, monetary incentives, green certification and awards, public image, social and ethical responsibility. However, it is predicted that the nature and strength of relationships among some of these factors will be moderated by available green building skills