Unit 174 American Contract Bridge League Bridge Clubs: Greater Houston

Download the zipped file and launch index.html in an internet browser window.Use of Google Earth to create a visual display of locational material about duplicate bridge clubs in the greater Houston area.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58701/1/Onstott.zi

Solstice: An Electronic Journal of Geography and Mathematics, Volume XIX, Number 1

This document was delivered over the internet. The .zip file contains all static images, animated images, and text files.The purpose of Solstice is to promote interaction between geography and mathematics. Articles in which elements of one discipline are used to shed light on the other are particularly sought. Also welcome, are original contributions that are purely geographical or purely mathematical. These may be prefaced (by editor or author) with commentary suggesting directions that might lead toward the desired interaction. Contributed articles will be refereed by geographers and/or mathematicians. Invited articles will be screened by suitable members of the editorial board. IMaGe is open to having authors suggest, and furnish material for, new regular features.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58709/1/sum08.ziphttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58709/3/sum08.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58709/5/SolsticeVolXIXNo1.pdfDescription of sum08.zip : Full journalDescription of sum08.pdf : Solstice, Volume XIX, Number 1, Full journal contains attached files and links to moreDescription of SolsticeVolXIXNo1.pdf : Cover fil

Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa

Since its discovery over two decades ago, the deep subsurface biosphere has been considered to be the realm of single-cell organisms, extending over three kilometres into the Earth’s crust and comprising a significant fraction of the global biosphere1–4. The constraints of temperature, energy, dioxygen and space seemed to preclude the possibility of more-complex, multicellular organisms from surviving at these depths. Here we report species of the phylumNematoda that have been detected in or recovered from 0.9–3.6-kilometredeep fracture water in the deep mines of South Africa but have not been detected in the mining water. These subsurfacenematodes, including a new species, Halicephalobus mephisto, tolerate high temperature, reproduce asexually and preferentially feed upon subsurface bacteria. Carbon-14 data indicate that the fracture water in which the nematodes reside is 3,000–12,000-year-old palaeometeoric water. Our data suggest that nematodes should be found in other deep hypoxic settings where temperature permits, and that theymay control themicrobial population density by grazing on fracture surface biofilm patches. Our results expand the known metazoan biosphere and demonstrate that deep ecosystems are more complex than previously accepted. The discovery of multicellular life in the deep subsurface of the Earth also has important implications for the search for subsurface life on other planets in our Solar System