Questioning the clause as a crosslinguistic unit in grammar and interaction

Peer reviewe

Determination of specific ion positions of Cr³⁺ and O²- in Cr₂O₃ thin films and their relationship to exchange anisotropy at Co/Cr₂O₃ interfaces

The structures of antiferromagnetic Cr₂O₃(0001) thin films with perpendicular exchange bias were investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We mainly investigated the specific ion positions of Cr³⁺ and O²- in the corundum structure and discussed their relationship to the magnetic anisotropy of Cr₂O₃. The Cr₂O₃(0001) thin film grown on a Pt(111) buffer layer exhibited a perpendicular exchange anisotropy density of 0.42 mJ/m², in which the Cr³⁺ position is the primary factor in the enhancement of magnetic anisotropy due to dipolar-interaction. In contrast, the single-crystalline Cr₂O₃(0001) film grown on a α-Al₂O₃(0001) substrate featured a low exchange magnetic anisotropy of 0.098 mJ/m². In this film, the Cr³⁺ position parameter is an insignificant factor, leading to low magnetic anisotropy. The O²- ion position also differs between the two types of films, which can affect both the magnetic anisotropy energy originating from fine structures and the magneto-electric properties of Cr₂O₃.Yu Shiratsuchi, Yuuta Nakano, Nobuhito Inami, Tetsuro Ueno, Kanta Ono, Reiji Kumai, Ryoko Sagayama, and Ryoichi Nakatani, Journal of Applied Physics 123, 103903 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020620

Social tolerance in Octopus laqueus—A maximum entropy model

Octopus laqueus is a small tropical octopus found in Okinawa, Japan and the greater Indo-Pacific. Octopus are often viewed as solitary animals but O. laqueus live in close proximity in the wild, and will potentially encounter one another on a regular basis, raising the possibility of social tolerance. Adopting shared den occupancy in aquaria as a potential measure of social tolerance in O. laqueus, we studied the animals’ preference for shared dens over solitude. We characterized dependence of sharing preference on sex, den availability and den occupancy density. We designed two simple social tolerance assays in aquaria with a total of 45 daily measurements: (i) Pots Equal, with equal numbers of octopuses and dens and (ii) Pots Limited, with a 3:1 ratio of octopuses to dens. We found that O. laqueus will socially tolerate other individuals by sharing tanks and dens and with typically no loss to cannibalism or escape. However, animals also exhibit significant levels of social repulsion, and individuals often chose a solitary den when given the option. The patterns of den occupancy are observed to be consistent with a maximum entropy model that balances seeking shelter against avoiding other animals. The model accurately captures and predicts the data and can be generalized to other organisms and their social interactions. Overall, in O. laqueus the preference for a den is stronger than the preference to be solitary. The animals are tolerant of others with a mixture of sizes in the tank and even in a den, a reported first for octopuses outside mating. The relaxed disposition and social tolerance of O. laqueus make it a promising species to work with in the lab to explore social and potentially other behaviors in octopuses

Discrepancies between pathological examination and imaging analysis after primary systemic chemotherapy for breast cancer: report of two cases

Primary systemic chemotherapy (PSC) in breast cancer prolongs disease-free survival in patients who have obtained pathological complete remission (pCR). In combination with pathological examination, CT and MRI have been used to evaluate the efficacy of PSC, they generally coincide well with pathological evaluation. We here present two cases showing discrepancies between pathological examination and imaging analysis after PSC in breast cancer. We should keep such discrepancies in mind to determine the ideal treatment after PSC. An accurate method of evaluating cellular damage by PSC is needed

Duct lavage cytology for the detection of breast cancer: report of a case

Although many modalities have been established to diagnose breast cancers, it is sometimes difficult to reveal nonpalpable cases. Duct lavage cytology was originally established to reveal groups at high risk for breast cancers by detecting metaplastic ductal cells. We report here a case where duct lavage was useful for revealing a small cancer that had been undetected by repeated bloody nipple discharge and cytological examinations. Duct lavage cytology may be of use in cases where nipple discharge of unknown origin persists

Localization of nonpalpable breast cancers using VATS marking system under ultrasonographic guidance

A preoperative tumor guiding system for nonpalpable breast cancer using a VATS guiding needle (Hakko Co., Ltd., Tokyo Japan) was reported. It was easy to introduce the guiding needle into breast cancers smaller than 1cm under ultrasonographic observation. Neither bleeding nor infection was experienced. Wound management was easy and painless. This guiding system is very useful for locating and managing nonpalpable breast cancers even in outpatient settings

雌雄キタイワトビペンギンにおける血中のステロイドホルモン値と血液生化学値を指標とした繁殖と換羽の生理学的研究

第6回極域科学シンポジウム[OB] 極域生物圏11月16日（月）　国立極地研究所１階交流アトリウ

The Development of a Marker of Speaker's Attitude: The Pragmatic Use of the Japanese Grammaticized Verb shimau in Conversation

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 204-21