2 research outputs found
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes of N-Methyl-N-Phenyldithiocarbamate: The Single Crystal Structure of [(C6H5)(CH3)NCS2]4Hg2
Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, 1H and 13C-NMR). The single crystal X-ray structure of the mercury complex revealed that the complex contains a Hg centre with a distorted tetrahedral coordination sphere in which the dinuclear Hg complex resides on a crystallographic inversion centre and each Hg atom is coordinated to four S atoms from the dithiocarbamate moiety. One dithiocarbamate ligand acts as chelating ligand while the other acts as chelating bridging ligand between two Hg atoms, resulting in a dinuclear eight-member ring. The course of the thermal degradation of the complexes has been investigated using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes show a single weight loss to give MS (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) indicating that they might be useful as single source precursors for the synthesis of MS nanoparticles and thin films
Inovacijski vodje, skromni inovatorji in neinovativna mala in srednje velika podjetja na Slovaškem: ključni dejavniki in ovire pri inovacijskih dejavnostih
Background and Purpose: The field of innovation represents for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) a fundaÂmental challenge. If the number of innovative SMEs is to rise, it is necessary to identify key factors determining their innovation activity and eliminate the innovation barriers. The main purpose of the paper is to present the results of primary research focused on identification (evaluation) of key factors and barriers determining innovation activities in Slovak SMEs. The division of SMEs into three groups of enterprises: innovation leaders, modest innovators and non-innovators enables to identify the differences in managers´ perception of the main factors and barriers determinÂing innovation activities in various types of SMEs and to formulate policy implications for Slovak SMEs. Design/Methodology/Approach: Results of the empirical research were processed using MS Excel and the staÂtistical analysis of the data in R3.2.4. statistical system was done. For statistical tests we assumed significance level (α = 0.1). Results: Evaluating the importance of the key factors a majority of enterprises (64.71%) indicated financial resources as the most important factor for the innovations. There is no statistically significant difference in individual (analysed) factors between innovation leaders, non-innovators and innovation followers (modest innovators). The results gained from Fisher exact test (p-value = 0.11) indicated a small difference in evaluating the significance of individual barriers between innovation leaders, non-innovators and modest innovators. Majority of enterprises also see as the main barriers to develop innovation activities bureaucracy and corruption and inappropriate state support of innovation activities. Conclusion: The main implications (conclusion) coming from the research are basic recommendations for state policy makers as well as SME´s managers to foster innovation activities in enterprises. They refer to the areas of financial resources, high-quality human resources, cooperation and participation of SMEs in different networks and clusters, systematic institutional support to SMEs, well-created vision and clearly formulated aims, and willingness of enterprises to innovate. Recommendations are summarised following the results of factor´s and barrier´s evaluation.Ozadje in namen: PodroÄŤje inovacij predstavlja temeljni izziv za mala in srednje velika podjetja (MSP). Da bi lahko poveÄŤali število inovativnih MSP, moramo opredeliti kljuÄŤne dejavnike, ki doloÄŤajo njihovo inovacijsko dejavnost in odpravijo inovacijske ovire. Glavni namen prispevka je predstaviti rezultate raziskave, osredotoÄŤene na identifikacijo in oceno kljuÄŤnih dejavnikov in ovir inovacijske dejavnosti v MSP. Ta podjetja smo klasificirali v tri skupine: inovacijski voditelji, skromni inovatorji in neinovatorji, kar omogoÄŤa prepoznati razlike v mnenjih menedĹľerjev o glavnih deÂjavnikih in ovirah, ki vplivajo na inovacijske dejavnosti v razliÄŤnih vrstah malih in srednje velikih podjetij, in oblikovati smernice posledice za slovaška MSP. Zasnova / metodologija / pristop: Zbrane empiriÄŤne podatke smo obdelali z MS Excel in s statistiÄŤnim paketom R3.2.4. Pri statistiÄŤnih testih smo privzeli raven pomembnost (α = 0,1). Rezultati: VeÄŤina podjetij (64,71%) je kot najpomembnejši dejavnik inovativnosti navedla finanÄŤna sredstva. Med (analiziranimi) posameznimi dejavniki med inovativnimi voditelji, skromnimi inovatorji in neinovatorji nismo ugotovili statistiÄŤno znaÄŤilnih razlik. Rezultati, pridobljeni s Fisherjevim testom (p-vrednost = 0.11), kaĹľejo majhno razliko pri vrednotenju pomena posameznih ovir med vodilnimi inovatorji, neinovatorji in skromnimi inovatorji. VeÄŤina podjetij meni, da so nadaljnje glavne ovire pri birokracija in korupcija na podroÄŤju inovacijskih dejavnosti ter neustrezna drĹľavna podpora inovacijskim dejavnostim. ZakljuÄŤek: Iz raziskave izhajajo osnovna priporoÄŤila za snovalce drĹľavnih politik, pa tudi za mala in srednja podÂjetja, da spodbujajo inovacijske dejavnosti v podjetjih. Nanašajo se na podroÄŤje finanÄŤnih virov, visokokakovostnih ÄŤloveških virov, sodelovanje in udeleĹľbo MSP v razliÄŤnih omreĹľjih in grozdih, sistematiÄŤno institucionalna podpora MSP, dobro oblikovano vizija in jasno oblikovane cilje in pripravljenost podjetij na inovacije