Bovine tuberculosis in east Africa

The zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen of significance in the dairy industry in many parts of the world. Although the pathogen primarily affects cattle, it has a wide host range including humans. A cross-sectional study was carried out in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania, namely the southern highlands zone (SHZ), eastern zone (EZ) and northern zone (NZ), to examine the status of the disease in cattle, in order to inform control measures. A total of 391, 169 and 401 cattle were tested for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the SHZ, EZ and NZ respectively using the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin Test (SICTT). Results showed that the prevalence of bTB was higher (P<0.05) in EZ 2.37% (n = 169) compared to SHZ 1.3% (n=391) and NZ, where no positive result was recorded (n = 401). Thirty three cattle from SHZ and seven from EZ showed inconclusive results. In Kenya, 625 cattle from four sites within agro-pastoral and pastoral production systems were tested. In one area of Mwingi County, eastern Kenya, all the 161 cattle tested negative; while in the other three sites of Migori, in Nyanza, West Pokot and Laikipia in the Rift Valley, prevalence of 4-6% was obtained with SICTT. Bovine TB occurs in the region and may pose a public health threat through occupational activities and/or consumption of animal products, especially since no obvious clinical signs were observed in positive animals. Policy issues on how to deal with positive cases, creation of awareness on this important zoonotic disease, and a simple test to quickly identify sick animals in the field require urgent attention.La bact\ue9rie zoonotique Mycobacterium bovis est un agent pathog\ue8ne d\u2019importance dans l\u2019industrie laiti\ue8re partout dans le monde entier. Bien que l\u2019agent pathog\ue8ne affecte essentiellement les bovins, il peut infecter une large range d\u2019h\uf4tes l\u2019homme y compris. Une \ue9tude transversale a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e dans trois zones agro-\ue9cologiques de la Tanzanie, notamment la zone Sud (SHZ), la zone Est (EZ) et la zone Nord (NZ), afin d\u2019examiner la pr\ue9valence de cette maladie chez les bovins, en vue de d\ue9finir des mesures pour son contr\uf4le. Au total, 391, 169 et 401 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes pour la tuberculose bovine (bTB) respectivement dans le SHZ, EZ et NZ. Le test Intradermique Comparatif a la Tuberculine Cervicale (SICTT). Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que la pr\ue9valence de bTB \ue9tait \ue9lev\ue9e (p<0.05) en EZ 2.37% (n = 169) comparativement \ue0 SHZ 1.3% (n=391) et NZ, ou aucun cas positif n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 enregistre (n = 401). Trente-trois bovins de SHZ et 7 de EZ ont montre des r\ue9sultats non conclusifs. Au Kenya, 625 bovins provenant de quatre sites au sein des syst\ue8mes de production agro-pastorale et pastorale ont \ue9t\ue9 testes. Dans une zone de Mwingi a l\u2019Est du Kenya, tous les 161 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes n\ue9gative; tandis que dans les trois autres sites de Migori, en Nyanza, West Pokot et Laikipia dans la vall\ue9e du Rift, la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4-6% avec le test SICTT. La tuberculose bovine est pr\ue9sent\ue9 dans la r\ue9gion et peut engendrer des menaces de sante publique au travers des activit\ue9s d\u2019\ue9levage et la consommation de viandes infect\ue9es, surtout qu\u2019aucun signe Clinique \ue9vident n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 observe chez les animaux d\ue9pist\ue9s positifs. Il est important et urgent de d\ue9finir des mesures de gestion des cas positifs, de sensibiliser les populations sur les risques probables et de rendre disponibles des kits de tests rapides permettant d\u2019identifier \ue0 temps les animaux atteints

PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK AND INCIDENCES IN HUMANS IN EAST AFRICA

Brucellosis is an emerging zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both livestock and public health in east Africa. There are several reports of occurrence of the disease in livestock populations especially in Tanzania and Kenya, suggesting chances of increased spread to humans, and the disease being misdiagnosed for malaria. The objective of this study was to determine brucellosis prevalence in livestock and incidence in humans among pastoralists and agro-pastoralists communities in some areas of Kenya and Tanzania. A total of 2349 ruminants were screened using different serological techniques, in the selected areas. Serum samples from the Southern Highlands Zone (SHZ), Northern zone (NZ) and Eastern Zone (EZ) were screened using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) antigen, and later positive samples were confirmed using competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Results showed prevalence of 11.4% in the SHZ (n=799), 2.4% in the EZ (n=169) and 1% in the NZ (n= 408). Milk ring test was used to test milk samples from Migori, West Pokot and Mwingi, and the prevalences recorded in cattle were 17.9% (n=56) in 2012 and 11.7 (n=77) in 2014. Within the same period, West Pokot recorded prevalence of up to 21.9% (n=96) in cattle and 16.7% (n=6) in goats. Generally, Migori had lower prevalence in Kenya, but being the third lower in Tanzania and Kenya with the prevalence being 4.3% (n=70) in goats and 2.2% (n=45) in goats. Serum from cattle and goats were tested using compliment fixation test (CFT); showing 0.9% (n=212) prevalence in Migori. In West Pokot, the prevalence was 4.0% (n=101) in cattle, 20% (n=100) in goats and 13.8% (=29) in sheep; whereas in Mwingi prevalence was 4.75% (n=43) and 9.5% (n=21) in cattle and goats respectively. A total of 1,140 human cases were followed up in selected study areas where livestock samples were collected, and an overall incidence of 22.7% (n=1140) was confirmed. Selected areas in Tanzania had an incidence of 28.2% (n=578) and in Kenya 17.1% (n=562). Brucellosis is endemic in many areas of Tanzania and Kenya and pose a high risk to human health.La brucellose est une zoonose qui constitue une menace pour la sante animale et humaine dans l\u2018 Afrique de l\u2018Est. Il existe beaucoup de rapports signalant la pr\ue9sence de cette maladie dans les populations d\u2019animaux, specialement en \ue9levage dans la Tanzanie et au Kenya. Ces rapports font aussi \ue9tat de ce qu\u2019il y ait des chances de contamination humaine, et la maladie est en train d\u2019\ueatre mal diagnostiqu\ue9e parce qu\u2019elle est confondue au paludisme. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer la pr\ue9valence de brucellose en \ue9levage et son incidence dans les humains, dans les communaut\ue9s de pastoralistes et agro-pastoralistes en Tanzanie et au Kenya. Un ensemble de 1,702 ruminant ont \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9pist\ue9s dans les zones d\u2019\ue9tude en se servant de techniques s\ue9rologiques diff\ue9rentes. Des \ue9chantillons de s\ue9rum venant de la zone Sud (SHZ), de la zone Nord (NZ) et de la zone Est (EZ) ont \ue9t\ue9 analyses par des tests de d\ue9tection d\u2019antig\ue8ne au Rose Bengale sur plaque (RBPT), et plus tard, les \ue9chantillons positifs ont \ue9t\ue9 confirmes par des \ue9preuves immuno-enzymatiques (c-ELISA). Les resultats montrait une pr\ue9valence de 11,4% dans la SHZ (n=799)\ua0; 2\ua0,4% dans l\u2019EZ (n=169) et 1% dans la NZ (n= 408). Des \ue9preuves de l\u2019anneau sur le lait ont permis de tester les \ue9chantillons de lait de Migori, West Pokot et Mwingi, et de pr\ue9valence enregistr\ue9e chez le bovin \ue9taient de 17,9% (n=56) en 2012 et 11,7 (n=77) en 2014. Dans la m\ueame p\ue9riode, West Pokot a enregistr\ue9 un taux de pr\ue9valence de 21.9% (n=96) chez le bovin et 16,7% (n=6) chez les caprins. De fa\ue7on g\ue9n\ue9rale, Migori exhibait de faibles taux de pr\ue9valence au Kenya, mais s\u2019est classe troisi\ue8me faible taux en Tanzanie et au Kenya avec une pr\ue9valence de 4,3% (n=70) chez les caprins 2,2% (n=45) chez les caprins. Du s\ue9rum pr\ue9lev\ue9 chez les bovins et caprins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes gr\ue2ce au test de fixation de compl\ue9ments (CFT)\ua0; montrait 0.9% (n=212) de pr\ue9valence en Migori. A West Pokot, la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,0% (n=101) chez les bovins, 20% (n=100) chez les caprins et 13,8% (=29) chez les ovins; tandis qu\u2019en Mwingi la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,75% (n=43) et 9,5% (n=21) respectivement chez les bovins et caprins. Un ensemble de 1,140 cas humains ont \ue9t\ue9 suivis dans la zone d\u2019\ue9tude ou les animaux ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9chantillonn\ue9s. Une incidence globale de 22,7% (n=1140) a \ue9t\ue9 confirm\ue9e. Les zones s\ue9lectionn\ue9es en Tanzanie avaient une incidence de 28,2% (n=578) et 17,1% (n=562) au Kenya. Cet \ue9tude a montr\ue9 que la brucellose continue d\u2019\ueatre end\ue9mique dans plusieurs zones de la Tanzanie et du Kenya, et ceci constitue un grand risqu\ue9 pour la sant\ue9 humaine

Short Communicaton: The socio-economic impact of helminth infections and the level of adoption of strategic helminth control by small ruminant farmers in Kakamega district, western Kenya

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Prevalence Of Brucellosis In Livestock And Incidences In Humans In East Africaprevalence Of Brucellosis In Livestock And Incidences In Humans In East Africa

Research Article published by African Crop Science JournalBrucellosis is an emerging zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both livestock and public health in east Africa. There are several reports of occurrence of the disease in livestock populations especially in Tanzania and Kenya, suggesting chances of increased spread to humans, and the disease being misdiagnosed for malaria. The objective of this study was to determine brucellosis prevalence in livestock and incidence in humans among pastoralists and agro-pastoralists communities in some areas of Kenya and Tanzania. A total of 2349 ruminants were screened using different serological techniques, in the selected areas. Serum samples from the Southern Highlands Zone (SHZ), Northern zone (NZ) and Eastern Zone (EZ) were screened using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) antigen, and later positive samples were confirmed using competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Results showed prevalence of 11.4% in the SHZ (n=799), 2.4% in the EZ (n=169) and 1% in the NZ (n= 408). Milk ring test was used to test milk samples from Migori, West Pokot and Mwingi, and the prevalences recorded in cattle were 17.9% (n=56) in 2012 and 11.7 (n=77) in 2014. Within the same period, West Pokot recorded prevalence of up to 21.9% (n=96) in cattle and 16.7% (n=6) in goats. Generally, Migori had lower prevalence in Kenya, but being the third lower in Tanzania and Kenya with the prevalence being 4.3% (n=70) in goats and 2.2% (n=45) in goats. Serum from cattle and goats were tested using compliment fixation test (CFT); showing 0.9% (n=212) prevalence in Migori. In West Pokot, the prevalence was 4.0% (n=101) in cattle, 20% (n=100) in goats and 13.8% (=29) in sheep; whereas in Mwingi prevalence was 4.75% (n=43) and 9.5% (n=21) in cattle and goats respectively. A total of 1,140 human cases were followed up in selected study areas where livestock samples were collected, and an overall incidence of 22.7% (n=1140) was confirmed. Selected areas in Tanzania had an incidence of 28.2% (n=578) and in Kenya 17.1% (n=562). Brucellosis is endemic in many areas of Tanzania and Kenya and pose a high risk to human health