Challenges in controlling viral diseases of poultry

As in many countries including Malaysia, poultry industry has become a major contributor to the country’s economy primarily due to the rapid revolutionary of the industry and advances made in poultry management, nutrition, genetics and better diagnosis and control of diseases. As the poultry industry is expanding, much is needed to be done to improve the efficiency of production, which directly depends on the control and prevention of diseases. Infectious diseases are one of the major causes of economic losses in poultry industries. In many instances, no specific signs are associated with a particular disease. Besides clinical signs and findings from post mortem examinations, diagnostic tools based on serological and molecular detection are used to confirm the causative agents. However, the identification of causative agents and the detection of specific antibody responses in relation to a clinical problem are complicated due to the concurrent infections and improper use of vaccines. Currently, the poultry industry is threatened by more virulent viruses of endemic diseases or by exotic and emerging diseases that can cause major economic losses to this sector. The emergence and re-emergence of avian influenza virus (AIV), particularly the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, the presence of endemic low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 in poultry flock and recently the detection of novel H7H9 posed significant threat to the poultry industry and public health sector. Catastrophic diseases such as HPAI H5N1 is not easy to overlook, the real challenge is to confront H7N9, H9N2 and other LPAI which act in concert with other factors such as management, environment, nutrition and concurrent infections which form continuous threat to the entire poultry production system. The repeated outbreaks of diseases caused by variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), velogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) and more virulent viruses of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in well managed poultry flocks have prompted the need to evaluate the underlying factors contributing to the failure of vaccination to provide complete protection against clinical infections and transmission of disease. Vaccination failure can be classified as primary vaccination failure where the chickens do not develop adequate antibody titer and succumbed to a field disease outbreak. However, in secondary vaccination failure, the chickens develop adequate immune response but then immunity wanes over time. In the field, vaccination failure is complex involving various factors associated with the vaccine strains and vaccination program, the virulence of field pathogens and the host immune competence. In many situations, immunosuppressive agents primarily MDV, IBDV, and chicken anemia virus play an important role in increasing the susceptibility of chickens to opportunistic infections and/or suppressing effective vaccine induced responses.There is no doubt diagnostic tools, vaccines and vaccination equipment have improved over the years. However, despite these advancements, conventional laboratory diagnosis using serological tests and conventional live and killed vaccines are used extensively in health and disease management of poultry. As the poultry industry become more intensive, accurate, economical and practical laboratory diagnostic tools are important for effective control of disease outbreaks. The advancements in the use of molecular detection method using real-time PCR approach, highly automated instruments for antibody detection and development of rapid on site antigen capture assays for virus antigen detection may have significant impact in the field of disease prevention and control. In the area of vaccinology, most of the advances in the development of the so called recombinant vaccines against poultry disease are based on the development of recombinant protein or synthetic peptide vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines using selected virus or bacteria as carriers and DNA plasmids as genetic vaccines. However, very few recombinant vaccines are available commercially. The majority of these newer vaccines are live recombinant viral vectors based on fowlpox virus and herpesvirus designed to deliver specific gene(s) to stimulate the host’ immune system. Recently, a few new live recombinant viral vector vaccines based on avian adenovirus and reverse genetic NDV and AIV are making their way in several countries. However, the use of vaccines against field viruses also contribute to the emergence of variant or more virulent viruses that are able to escape existing vaccine induced immunity as what have been reported for several RNA viruses namely AIV, IBV and IBDV. Similar phenomenon was also reported for DNA viruses such as MDV and ILT, where the use of different live attenuated ILT vaccine strains contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic ILT strain affecting poultry. It is clear that progress has been made in the control and prevention of viral diseases of poultry. However, a comprehensive approach is needed for disease control requiring consideration of the interactions between management, nutrition, poultry genetics and immune functions against infectious disease. It is envisioned that the progress in functional characterization of the chicken genome, avian transgenic technology and further improvement of poultry vaccines and therapeutics will further increase the global competitiveness of poultry industry

Ibn Hazm on the doctrine of Taḥrīf

Bibliography: pages 71-76.This dissertation seeks to make a critical assessment of the Muslim doctrine of taḥrīf (the charge that the Jews and Christians corrupted their divine scriptures) via its most vociferous protagonist, the Spanish Muslim scholar, Abū Muhammad 'Ali Ibn Hazm (d.1064). The dissertation uses Ibn Hazm's monumental five volume work, al-Fizal Fī al-Milal Wa al-Ahwā Wa al-Ni~al (An Analysis of World Religious Communities, Ideologies and Sects) as the primary source of reference. It consists of an introduction of four chapters and a conclusion

E-Court Management System for Mahkamah Sesyen and Magistrate lpoh

In this project paper, the Court Management System project is still under planning phases where the objective and the scope of the project has been design. E-Court Management System is web based system that integrates four components which is Content Management Service, Contact Management Service, Case Management System and Transaction Service. With the objective and scope has been define, the development of this project can continue with analysis phases and development phases. The requirement of the project also being define on the project to make sure it comply with the objective, scope and project development life cycle. This website system include all five project development life cycle because it consider as critical website system. The five project development life cycle is initiation and feasibility study, planning, analysis, design and development and the last one is testing and implementation. In each phase, there were several steps taken according to few methodologies to achieve the objective of the phase. The result of this project soon will be a fully functioning E-Court Management System according to the new business flow which meet the objective of the project and solve the problem in existing system as well

VEHICLE COMPARTMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM USING SOLAR POWERED THERMOELECTRIC

This project investigate the feasibility of using solar powered thermoelectrictechnology device, to act as a temperature regulator system for vehicle cabin. The temperature regulator system's intended function is to control temperature ofvehicle cabin under parked, sun-exposed condition, in order to mitigate the problem of overheated vehicle compartment. The studies which depend largely on researches, is to construct a working prototype to aid in the analysis performed. Adesign plan on suitable power supply for the temperature regulator system will be introduced and evaluated for practical application on real vehicle. Further improvement works are recommended to enhance the performance and practicality ofthe design introduced

Development Of A Semi-Swath Craft For Malaysian Waters

Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) and Catamaran vessels are known to have more stable platform as compared to mono-hulls. A further advantage of SWATH as compared to Catamaran is its smaller waterplane area that provides better seakeeping qualities. However, the significant drawback of the SWATH vessel is when encountering head-sea at high forward speed. Due to its low stiffness, it has a tendency for large pitch motions. Consequently, this may lead to excessive trim or even deck wetness. This phenomenon will not only degrade the comfortability but also results in structural damage with greater safety risks. In this research a modified SWATH design is proposed. The proposed design concept represents a combination of Catamaran and SWATH vessel hull features that will lead to reduce in bow-diving but still maintains good seakeeping capabilities. This is then called the Semi- SWATH vessel. In addition, the full-design of this vessel has been equipped by fixed fore fins and controllable aft fins attached on each lower hull. In the development of controllable aft fins, the PID controller system was applied to obtain an optimal vessel’s ride performance at speeds of 15 (medium) and 20 (high) knots. In this research work, the seakeeping performance of Semi-SWATH vessel was evaluated using time-domain simulation approach. The effect of fin stabilizer on the bare hull performance is considered. The validity of numerical evaluation was then compared with model experiments carried out in the Towing Tank at Marine Technology Laboratory, UTM. It is shown that the Semi-SWATH vessel with controllable fin stabilizer can have significantly reduction by about 42.57% of heave motion and 48.80% of pitch motion

Nilai Budaya Sekolah dalam Pelaksanaan Kurikulum Pendidikan di Smk Bekasi

. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis nilai budaya sekolah yang berkaitan dengan Pelaksanaan kurikulum dalam proses pembelajaran di sekolah. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap guru di SMK di Bekasi. Penelitian menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan analisis korelasi dan analisis regresi. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrument mengenai variabel yang digunakan dalam kajian, yaitu budaya sekolah dan kurikulum pendidikan. Penelitian ini mendapati bahwa aspek budaya sekolah memiliki hubungan dengan kurikulum pendidikan, baik budaya akademik, sosial budaya dan budaya demokratis memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap kurikulum pendidikan di sekolah, dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa kurikulum yang digunakan di sekolah akan terlaksanan dengan baik apabila memiliki budaya sekolah yang baik pula, untuk itu pengembangan kurikulum di sekolah membutuhkan perhatian dan fokus terhadap faktor budaya sekolah sebagai bentuk upaya peningkatkan kualitas kurikulum pendidikan di sekolah. Kata Kunci. Nilai Budaya Sekolah, Kurikulum Pendidikan, Sekolah, Kualita

Actinobacillosis of the omentum in A Cow

Satu kes actinobacillosis luar biasa menglibatkan omentum lembu dihuraikan. Walaupun pendapatan histologi lesi adalah menyerupai penyakit ini dengan tepat, bakteria penyebabnya Actinobacillus lignieresi tidak diperolehi dalam kajian kultura. Perimustahaknya penyakit ini dalam segi pemeriksaan daging praktik dibincangkan

Quality function deployment opportunities in product model supported design

This thesis describes the development of a QFD information model established in an environment where design information is shared between software applications. The main objectives of the research are to establish a QFD information structure within a Product Data Model and to demonstrate how this enables an intelligent, knowledgebased analysis of QFD information contained in a Product Model. The generic structure of the QFD information has been defined and implemented in prototype software and its value is demonstrated through experimentation in two case studies. Successful implementation of the case studies proved that the QFD information structure is able to capture QFD information as persistent objects residing in a Product Model. It also demonstrates that an intelligent knowledge-based QFD expert can be implemented alongside the QFD information model to accomplish useful, consistent, reasoned analysis of QFD information. The research has achieved its aim to provide a new contribution in the product design domain, and to the effectiveness of Concurrent Engineering activities, through better use of Quality Function Deployment