Characterization of human gingival samples in healthy and patients affected by chronic periodontitis.

<p>A. Samples were stained for the T lymphocytes marker CD3 (arrows). Sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin staining. EP: Epithelium; CT: Connective Tissue. B. TNF-α and IL-6 expression in healthy and CP patients were measured by RT-qPCR. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Healthy samples n = 9; chronic periodontitis samples n = 13. Bar = 250μm. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.</p

IL-33 induced RANK-L expression in mouse gingival explants.

<p>Explants from palatal mucosa of C57BL/6 mice were culture overnight at 37°C. These explants were then stimulated with 100ng/mL of recombinant murine IL-33 for 24 hours. Total tissue RNA was extracted and RANK-L transcript was quantified by RT-qPCR. Three separate experiments were performed. Data are shown are means ± SEM. *p<0.05.</p

IL-33 and RANK-L expressions in gingival samples of healthy and patients affected by chronic periodontitis.

<p>A. mRNA encoding for IL-33 was quantified by RT-qPCR. B. Healthy and CP gingival samples were immunostained for IL-33 (arrows). The percentage of cells positive for IL-33 was quantified using Fiji software and defined as a percentage of DAB positive staining area per region of interest. C. mRNA encoding for RANK-L was quantified by RT-qPCR. D. Healthy and CP gingival samples were immunostained for RANK-L (arrows). The percentage of cells positive for RANK-L was quantified using Fiji software and defined as a percentage of DAB positive staining area per region of interest. EP: Epithelium; CT: Connective Tissue. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Healthy samples n = 9; Chronic periodontitis samples (CP) n = 13. Bar = 250μm. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p

<i>Pg</i> infection increased the expression of RANK-L and IL-33 mRNAs in human oral epithelial cells.

<p>Human oral epithelial cells (OKF6/TERT2) were cultured with <i>Pg</i> at 10:1 or 100:1 MOI for 6, 12 or 24 hours. mRNAs encoding for IL-33 (A) and RANK-L ((B) were quantified by RT-qPCR. Three separate sets of experiment were performed. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.</p

Time-course of alveolar bone loss in the ligature-induced murine model of experimental periodontitis.

<p>CD1 Swiss mice (n = 90) were subjected to experimental periodontitis for 4, 14 and 28 days. At each time point, animals were sacrificed and maxillary samples were harvested. A. After 4, 14 and 28 days, μCT analysis was performed. Longitudinal sections through the middle of the palatal root of the first maxillary molar (left images) and transversal sections from the apices of the three roots of the first maxillary molar to the summit of the alveolar bone crest (right images) are presented for each time points. B. Alveolar bone loss was assessed using 2D μCT. At each time point, data of ligatured groups (Lig and <i>Pg</i> L) were compared to their respective Sham groups. Data are shown as means ± SEM. * p<0.05.</p

NG2 staining was performed on a subset of lesions.

<p>The findings were similar to those obtained with CD146: NG2 pericytes were found in a higher proportion in the asymptomatic (AsC) carotid lesions (right panel) than in the symptomatic (SC) carotid lesions (left panel).</p

Characteristics of the patients.

<p>Characteristics of the patients.</p

Time-course of IL-33 expression in the ligature-induced murine model of experimental periodontitis.

<p>A. IL-33 expression was assessed by IHC and sections were counterstained with Harris Hematoxylin staining (arrows). B. The percentage of IL-33 was quantified in gingival epithelium and in connective tissue using Fiji software and defined as a percentage of DAB positive staining area per region of interest. At each time point, data of ligatured groups (Lig and <i>Pg</i> L) were compared to their respective Sham groups. EP: Epithelium, CT: Connective tissue. Data are shown as means ± SEM. * p<0.05; **p<0.01. Scale bar = 100μm.</p

Study design of the murine model of experimental periodontitis.

<p>Study design of the murine model of experimental periodontitis.</p

Comparing the magnitude of two fractions with common components : which representations are used by 10- and 12-year-old children ?

This study tested whether 10- and 12-year-old children who can correctly compare the magnitudes of fractions with common components access the magnitudes of the whole fractions, rather than compare the magnitudes of their components. Moreover, we tested with a priming paradigm whether the magnitude of the denominators interferes with the processing of the fraction magnitude and whether inhibition controls this interference. Response times to fractions were predicted by the numerical distance between the whole fractions, suggesting an access to their magnitude. A negative priming effect was showed for the comparison of natural numbers primed by fractions with common numerators. This effect suggests an inhibition of the selection of the larger denominator and then the interference of the magnitude of the denominators with the selection of the larger fraction. In conclusion, children who can correctly compare fractions with common components can access the magnitude of the whole fractions, but remain sensitive to the interference of the relative magnitude of the denominators. This study highlights that beyond the interference of natural number knowledge at the conceptual level (called the whole number bias by Ni & Zhou, 2005), children have to manage the interference of the magnitude of the denominators (Stroop-like effect)