Influence of Freeze-Drying and Irradiation on Mechanical Properties of Human Cancellous Bone: Application to Impaction Bone Grafting

This chapter will cover the influences of various parameters (bone processing, freeze-drying, irradiation, processing sequence and temperature during irradiation) on the mechanical properties of cancellous bone. Mechanical damage due to irradiation will be related to damage of the collagen protein. Benefits of defatting, freeze-drying and irradiation in terms of osteoconductivity and tissue safety will be further discussed. Application of processed freeze-dried irradiated bone to impaction bone grafting technique will be considered. The embrittlement theory and the influence of particle sizes will be presented to explain how processed bone is suitable to meet the mechanical demand of hip revision surgery. Results will be discussed and compared in more realistic surgical situations by observing implant stability after frozen or freeze-dried irradiated bone impaction. Finally, bone graft remodelling will be discussed

Facteurs de risques génétiques associés à la patho-biologie du vieillissement prostatique

Les pathologies du vieillissement prostatique (cancer de la prostate, hyperplasie bénigne de la prostate, déficit androgénique lié à l'âge) sont fréquentes, représentant un problème de santé publique. Leur prévalence s'accroit au gré du vieillissement de la population. Si leur coïncidence épidémiologique est claire, les liens physiopathologiques les unissant restent mal connus. Grâce aux progrès de la génétique, et notamment les associations d'étude du génome entier, la quantification du risque génétique du cancer de la prostate sporadique a été documentée par la découverte de loci de susceptibilité. Néanmoins, l'utilisation de ces marqueurs en pratique courante n'a pas fait la preuve de sa rentabilité, dans le complexe débat du dépistage du cancer de la prostate. La prédisposition génétique au vieillissement pathologique bénin de la prostate, en particulier vers l'HBP, est encore très peu étudiée. De plus amples travaux sont nécessaires pour caractériser la genèse et l'évolution du vieillissement prostatique. Du point de vue du traitement, la prise en charge diagnostique du vieillissement prostatique évolue avec de nouveaux biomarqueurs. Le poids respectif de ces outils diagnostiques multiples reste à déterminer avec un triple objectif : (i) mettre en place des arbres de décision permettent de cibler les biopsies prostatiques, (ii) intégrer à la prise en charge diagnostique les pathologies bénignes comme l'HBP dont le bilan, le traitement et le suivi sont connexes à la problématique du CaP et (iii) considérer tout au long de la prise en charge les pathologies associées tel le syndrome métabolique, dans l'objectif d'une démarche multidisciplinaire.Prostatic diseases due to ageing of the prostate gland (prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, late onset hypogonadism) are frequent, and represent a major public health issue. Their prevalence gets higher along the ageing of the population in western countries. If an epidemiological link can be stated between these three diseases, the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. With recent innovation in human genetics, notably genome wide association studies, the risk of non hereditary prostate cancer has been documented by the identification of susceptibility loci. However, the utility of these genetic markers in a clinical practice environment has not been yet established regarding the complex issue of prostate cancer screening. Genetic predisposition to benign prostate ageing, particularly BPH, has not been extensively studied. Additional investigations are necessary to adequately document the initial phase and evolution of the ageing prostate. From the therapeutic point of view, new biomarkers are about to modify the diagnosis of prostatic ageing. The respective role of each of these new diagnostic tools should be determined with a triple goal. First, improve decision making leading to prostatic biopsies. Then, proceed to integrative therapy of prostatic diseases (prostate cancer but also benign prostatic hyperplasia), and finally consider associated conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, to improve the level of care of the ageing male via a multidisciplinary approach.PARIS-JUSSIEU-Bib.électronique (751059901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prediction of postoperative mortality in elderly patient with hip fractures : a single-centre, retrospective cohort study

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis

International audienceThe long-term redistribution of Zn in a naturally Zn-enriched soil during pedogenesis was quantified based on mass balance calculations. According to their fate, parent limestones comprised three Zn pools: bound to calcite and pyritesphalerite grains, bound to phyllosilicates and bound to goethite in the inherited phosphate nodules. Four pedological processes, i.e., carbonate dissolution, two stages of redox processes and eluviation, redistributed Zn during pedogenesis. The carbonate dissolution of limestones released Zn bound to calcite into soil solution. Due to residual enrichment, Zn concentrations in the soil are higher than those in parent limestones. Birnessite, ferrihydrite and goethite dispersed in soil horizon trapped high quantities of Zn during their formation. Afterwards, primary redox conditions induced the release of Zn and Fe into soil solution, and the subsequent individualization of Fe and Mn into Zn-rich concretions. Both processes and subsequent aging of the concretions formed induced significant exportation of Zn through the bottom water table. Secondary redox conditions promoted the weathering of Fe and Mn oxides in cements and concretions. This process caused other losses of Zn through lateral exportation in an upper water table. Concomitantly, eluviation occurred at the top of the solum. The lateral exportation of eluviated minerals through the upper water table limited illuviation. Eluviation was also responsible for Zn loss, but this Zn bound to phyllosilicates was not bioavailabl

Selection of massive bone allografts using shape-matching 3-dimensional registration

Background and purpose Massive bone allografts are used when surgery causes large segmental defects. Shape-matching is the primary criterion for selection of an allograft. The current selection method, based on 2-dimensional template comparison, is inefficient for 3-dimensional complex bones. We have analyzed a 3-dimensional (3-D) registration method to match the anatomy of the allograft with that of the recipient

Barriers and opportunities of soil knowledge to address soil challenges: Stakeholders? perspectives across Europe

Climate-smart sustainable management of agricultural soil is critical to improve soil health, enhance food and water security, contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity preservation, and improve human health and wellbeing. The European Joint Programme for Soil (EJP SOIL) started in 2020 with the aim to significantly improve soil management knowledge and create a sustainable and integrated European soil research system. EJP SOIL involves more than 350 scientists across 24 Countries and has been addressing multiple aspects associated with soil management across different European agroecosystems. This study summarizes the key findings of stakeholder consultations conducted at the national level across 20 countries with the aim to identify important barriers and challenges currently affecting soil knowledge but also assess opportunities to overcome these obstacles. Our findings demonstrate that there is significant room for improvement in terms of knowledge production, dissemination and adoption. Among the most important barriers identified by consulted stakeholders are technical, political, social and economic obstacles, which strongly limit the development and full exploitation of the outcomes of soil research. The main soil challenge across consulted member states remains to improve soil organic matter and peat soil conservation while soil water storage capacity is a key challenge in Southern Europe. Findings from this study clearly suggest that going forward climate-smart sustainable soil management will benefit from (1) increases in research funding, (2) the maintenance and valorisation of long-term (field) ex-periments, (3) the creation of knowledge sharing networks and interlinked national and European in-frastructures, and (4) the development of regionally-tailored soil management strategies. All the above -mentioned interventions can contribute to the creation of healthy, resilient and sustainable soil ecosystems across Europe

Efficient gene targeting mediated by a lentiviral vector-associated meganuclease

Gene targeting can be achieved with lentiviral vectors delivering donor sequences along with a nuclease that creates a locus-specific double-strand break (DSB). Therapeutic applications of this system would require an appropriate control of the amount of endonuclease delivered to the target cells, and potentially toxic sustained expression must be avoided. Here, we show that the nuclease can be transferred into cells as a protein associated with a lentiviral vector particle. I-SceI, a prototypic meganuclease from yeast, was incorporated into the virions as a fusion with Vpr, an HIV accessory protein. Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors containing the donor sequences and the I-SceI fusion protein were tested in reporter cells in which targeting events were scored by the repair of a puromycin resistance gene. Molecular analysis of the targeted locus indicated a 2-fold higher frequency of the expected recombination event when the nuclease was delivered as a protein rather than encoded by a separate vector. In both systems, a proportion of clones displayed multiple integrated copies of the donor sequences, either as tandems at the targeted locus or at unrelated loci. These integration patterns were dependent upon the mode of meganuclease delivery, suggesting distinct recombination processes

Towards a better detection of patients at-risk of linezolid toxicity in clinical practice: a prospective study in three Belgian hospital centers

Introduction: Linezolid is a last-resort antibiotic for infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. It is widely used for off-label indications and for longer than recommended treatment durations, exposing patients at higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), notably thrombocytopenia. This study aimed to investigate ADR incidence and risk factors, identify thrombocytopenia-related trough levels based on treatment duration, and evaluate the performance of predictive scores for ADR development.Methods: Adult in- and outpatients undergoing linezolid therapy were enrolled in three hospitals and ADRs and linezolid trough levels prospectively monitored over time. A population pharmacokinetic (pop-PK model) was used to estimate trough levels for blood samples collected at varying times.Results: A multivariate analysis based on 63 treatments identified treatment duration ≥10 days and trough levels >8 mg/L as independent risk factors of developing thrombocytopenia, with high trough values correlated with impaired renal function. Five patients treated for >28 days did not develop thrombocytopenia but maintained trough values in the target range (<8 mg/L). The Buzelé predictive score, which combines an age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index with treatment duration, demonstrated 77% specificity and 67% sensitivity to predict the risk of ADR.Conclusion: Our work supports the necessity of establishing guidelines for dose adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency and the systematic use of TDM in patients at-risk in order to keep trough values ≤8 mg/L. The Buzelé predictive score (if ≥7) may help to detect these at-risk patients, and pop-PK models can estimate trough levels based on plasma samples collected at varying times, reducing the logistical burden of TDM in clinical practice