The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity

From the early explorations of thermodynamics and characterization of black body radiation, Max Planck predicted the existence of a non-zero expectation value for the electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy density or zero-point energy (ZPE). From the mechanics of a quantum oscillator, Planck derived the black body spectrum, which satisfied the Stefan-Boltzmann law with a non-vanishing term remaining where the summation of all modes of oscillations diverged to infinity in each point of the field. In modern derivation, correlation functions are utilized to derive the coherent behavior of the creation and annihilation operators. Although a common approach is to normalize the Hamiltonian so that all ground state modes cancel out, setting artificially ZPE to zero, zero-point energy is essential for the mathematical consistency of quantum mechanics as it maintains the non-commutativity of the creation and annihilation operators resulting in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From our computation, we demonstrate that coherent modes of the correlation functions at the characteristic time of the proton correctly result in the emergence of its mass directly from quantum vacuum fluctuation modes. We find as well that this energy value is consistent with a Casimir cavity of the same characteristic distance. As a result, we developed an analytical solution describing both the structure of quantum spacetime as vacuum fluctuations and extrapolate this structure to the surface dynamics of the proton to define a screening mechanism of the electromagnetic fluctuations at a given scale. From an initial screening at the reduced Compton wavelength of the proton, we find a direct relation to Einstein field equations and the Schwarzschild solution describing a source term for the internal energy of the proton emerging from zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations. A second screening of the vacuum fluctuations is found at the proton charge radius, which accurately results in the rest mass. Considering the initial screening, we compute the Hawking radiation value of the core Schwarzschild structure and find it to be equivalent to the rest mass energy diffusing in the internal structure of the proton. The resulting pressure gradient or pressure forces are calculated and found to be a very good fit to all the measured values of the color force and residual strong force typically associated to quark-antiquark and gluon flux tubes confinement. As a result, we are able to unify all confining forces with the gravitational force emerging from the curvature of spacetime induced by quantum electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. Finally, we applied the quantum vacuum energy density screening mechanism to the observable universe and compute the correct critical energy density typically given for the total mass-energy of the universe

Simulation d'un détecteur CdTe:CI de rayonnement X en mode comptage à fort flux pour la radiothérapie et la tomographie

L'utilisation d'un détecteur semi-conducteur CdTe:CI pour une mesure en comptage à un fort flux de photons X. est envisageable. Toutefois, pour des flux supérieurs à 108 photons.s-1.mm-2, on observe une instabilité temporelle des mesures à cause de l'apparition d'une charge d'espace dans le matériau. Par ailleurs, cette charge d'espace a aussi un impact sur la forme de l'image 20 en comptage par modification de la courbure des lignes de champ. Les travaux de cette thèse ont porté sur la simulation de la chaine de mesure, de l'interaction rayonnement matière du photon X dans le semi-conducteur à la réponse en comptage de l'électronique de traitement. Pour cela, le principal obstacle a été la modélisation dynamique de la charge d'espace et nous avons concentré nos efforts sur ce point particulier. Il est apparu que la connaissance précise des niveaux pièges dans le détecteur était inenvisageable. Aussi, pour contourner cette difficulté, plutôt que de modéliser le champ électrique, nous l'avons mesuré par effet Pockels. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point un banc expérimental capable de mesurer de façon dynamique le champ électrique dans un détecteur soumis à un fort rayonnement X. Par ailleurs, nous avons couplés cette mesure de champ à la mesure en comptage ce qui nous a permis de relier les deux. Nous avons validés notre simulation de la chaîne d'acquisition en trois points : le champ électrique, les signaux dus à l'interaction des photons X et mesurés aux électrodes et la réponse en comptage. Ainsi, nos travaux ont abouti à mises au point et à la validation de deux outils utiles pour la compréhension des phénomènes liés à l'apparition d'une charge d'espace. Le premier outil est notre banc de mesure du champ électrique par effet Pockels qui nous permet de connaître l'amplitude du champ en tout point à chaque Instant. Et le second outil est noir simulation complète d'un détecteur CdTe:CI en mode comptage à fort flux, qui va de l'interaction rayonnement-matière jus.The use of a semiconductor detector CdTe: Cl for a counting measure of a strong X-photon flux is possible. However, for flows in excess of one hundred million photons per second per square millimeter, we observe a temporal instability in the measures because of the appearance of a space charge in the material. Moreover, this space charge also has an impact on the shape of the 20 image count by changing the curvature of the field lines. The work of this thesis focused on the simulation of the measurement chain, from the Interaction of the photon radiation field X in the semiconductor to the response of the counting electronics. For this, the main obstacle has been the dynamic modeling of space charge and we concentrated our efforts on this particular point. lt is apparent that the precise knowledge of trap levels in the detector was unthinkable. Soto overcome this difficulty, rather than modeling the electric field , we have measured it by Pockels effect. For this. we developed an experimental bench capable of measuring a dynamic electrical field in a detector during astron X-rays irradiation. ln addition, we have coupled the measure of field at the counting measure to allow us to connect the two. We validated our simulation of the acquisition of three points: the electric field, the signals due to the interaction of X-rays and measured at the electrodes and the counting response. Thus, our work has resulted in the development and the validation of Iwo tools, useful for understanding the phenomena related to the appearance of a space charge. The first tool is our bench measuring electric field Pockels effect. It allows us to know the amplitude of the field at any point at any moment. And the second tool is our complete simulation of a CdT detector Cl incounting mode with high flows, ranging from the interaction radiation-matter to the response count. We were able to show that space charge is the origin of temporal and spatial instabilities of the measure count.VILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA LYON (692662301) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity

<p>From the early explorations of thermodynamics and characterization of black body radiation, Max Planck predicted the existence of a non-zero expectation value for the electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy density or zero-point energy (ZPE). From the mechanics of a quantum oscillator, Planck derived the black body spectrum, which satisfied the Stefan-Boltzmann law with a non-vanishing term remaining where the summation of all modes of oscillations diverged to infinity in each point of the field. In modern derivation, correlation functions are utilized to derive the coherent behavior of the creation and annihilation operators. Although a common approach is to normalize the Hamiltonian so that all ground state modes cancel out, setting artificially ZPE to zero, zero-point energy is essential for the mathematical consistency of quantum mechanics as it maintains the non-commutativity of the creation and annihilation operators resulting in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From our computation, we demonstrate that coherent modes of the correlation functions at the characteristic time of the proton correctly result in the emergence of its mass directly from quantum vacuum fluctuation modes. We find as well that this energy value is consistent with a Casimir cavity of the same characteristic distance. As a result, we developed an analytical solution describing both the structure of quantum spacetime as vacuum fluctuations and extrapolate this structure to the surface dynamics of the proton to define a screening mechanism of the electromagnetic fluctuations at a given scale. From an initial screening at the reduced Compton wavelength of the proton, we find a direct relation to Einstein field equations and the Schwarzschild solution describing a source term for the internal energy of the proton emerging from zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations. A second screening of the vacuum fluctuations is found at the proton charge radius, which accurately results in the rest mass. Considering the initial screening, we compute the Hawking radiation value of the core Schwarzschild structure and find it to be equivalent to the rest mass energy diffusing in the internal structure of the proton. The resulting pressure gradient or pressure forces are calculated and found to be a very good fit to all the measured values of the color force and residual strong force typically associated to quark-antiquark and gluon flux tubes confinement. As a result, we are able to unify all confining forces with the gravitational force emerging from the curvature of spacetime induced by quantum electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. Finally, we applied the quantum vacuum energy density screening mechanism to the observable universe and compute the correct critical energy density typically given for the total mass-energy of the universe.</p&gt

The Electron and the Holographic Mass Solution

A computation of the electron mass is found utilizing a generalized holographic approach in terms of quantum electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. The solution gives a clear insight into the structure of the hydrogen Bohr atom, in terms of the electron cloud and its relationship to the proton and the Planck scale vacuum fluctuations. Our electron mass solution is in agreement with the measured CODATA (Committee on Data of the International Council for Science) 2014 value. As a result, an elucidation of the source of the fine structure constant, the Rydberg constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio is determined to be in terms of vacuum energy interacting at the Planck scale

Myoferlin controls mitochondrial structure and activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and affects tumor aggressiveness

peer reviewedPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Therapeutic options remain very limited and are based on classical chemotherapies. Energy metabolism reprogramming appears as an emerging hallmark of cancer and is considered a therapeutic target with considerable potential. Myoferlin, a ferlin family member protein overexpressed in PDAC, is involved in plasma membrane biology and has a tumor-promoting function. In the continuity of our previous studies, we investigated the role of myoferlin in the context of energy metabolism in PDAC. We used selected PDAC tumor samples and PDAC cell lines together with small interfering RNA technology to study the role of myoferlin in energetic metabolism. In PDAC patients, we showed that myoferlin expression is negatively correlated with overall survival and with glycolytic activity evaluated by 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. We found out that myoferlin is more abundant in lipogenic pancreatic cancer cell lines and is required to maintain a branched mitochondrial structure and a high oxidative phosphorylation activity. The observed mitochondrial fission induced by myoferlin depletion led to a decrease of cell proliferation, ATP production, and autophagy induction, thus indicating an essential role of myoferlin for PDAC cell fitness. The metabolic phenotype switch generated by myoferlin silencing could open up a new perspective in the development of therapeutic strategies, especially in the context of energy metabolism