The three-prong method: a novel assessment of residual stress in laser powder bed fusion

<p><b>Boxplots of quantitative parameters</b> included <b>a)</b> ratio of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA) to creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr) both for chemical shift imaging (CSI) and single voxel (SV) measurements, <b>b)</b> ratio of choline containing compounds (Cho) to Cr both for CSI and SV, <b>c)</b> myelin water fraction (MWF), <b>d)</b> magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), <b>e)</b> quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), and <b>f)</b> R2*. Parameters were measured in frontal white matter (WM) and two parameters within the cortico-spinal tract (CST): at the level of the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) and at the level of the centrum semiovale (CS), see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167274#pone.0167274.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

Supplementary Material, MSJ775006_supplementary_appendix – Preferential spinal cord volume loss in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

<p>Supplementary Material, MSJ775006_supplementary_appendix for Preferential spinal cord volume loss in primary progressive multiple sclerosis by Charidimos Tsagkas, Stefano Magon, Laura Gaetano, Simon Pezold, Yvonne Naegelin, Michael Amann, Christoph Stippich, Philippe Cattin, Jens Wuerfel, Oliver Bieri, Till Sprenger, Ludwig Kappos and Katrin Parmar in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p

MRI protocol for this study.

<p>T1-weighted MPRAGE image (T1, left) in two different axial planes of a 17y-old typically developing subject indicating the measurement ROIs guided by the cortico-spinal tract fibre s outlined in red: frontal WM (in blue), cortico-spinal tract at the level of the centrum semiovale (in green) and at the level of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (in yellow). Other image parameters included in the protocol were T2-weighted axial TSE (T2), mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), intracellular volume fraction (ICVF), orientation dispersion (ODI), Magnetization Transfer Ratio (MTR), Myelin Water Fraction (MWF), Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI)–MR Spectroscopy, and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM, the white matter fibers have been highlighted by rendering diamagnetic effects bright, and paramagnetic dark).</p

Measurement results in the three regions of interest: the frontal WM, the CST at the level of the centrum semiovale (CST-CS), and at the level of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (CST-PLIC).

<p>Measurement results in the three regions of interest: the frontal WM, the CST at the level of the centrum semiovale (CST-CS), and at the level of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (CST-PLIC).</p

Illustration of different underlying fibre architecture in the three measurement regions as found by histology (e.g. [58–61]: Cortico-spinal tract (CST) fibres include those with larger axon diameter and thicker myelin sheaths, which show more parallel arrangements at the level of the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) and more crossing fibres at the level of the centrum semiovale (CS).

<p>On the other hand, the frontal white matter (WM) region also contains crossing fibres, however, with thinner myelin sheaths and lesser axon diameter.</p

Indirect calorimetry.

<p>Indirect calorimetry results demonstrating consistently decreased rates of resting energy expenditure per kg muscle in 24 hours (A), reduced usage of carbohydrates as oxidative fuel (B), and increased usages of fatty acids (C) in oxidative energy metabolism.</p

Muscle biopsy.

<p>Muscle biopsy findings, individual control (C) concentrations and individual DMD changes before (PRE) and after (POST) treatment as well as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals. A = nitrotyrosine ELISA, concentration is provided in nmol / 7.9 μg protein, B = cGMP ELISA, concentration is provided in pmol / 6.4 μg protein, C = western blot succinat oxidoreductase (complex II) / GAPDH ratio, D = western blot cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III) / GAPDH ratio, E = western blot cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) / GAPDH ratio, F = western blot ATP synthase (Complex V) / GAPDH ratio, G = carbonylated protein ELISA (nmol / 1 μg protein).</p

Clinical changes.

<p>Clinical changes over treatment period of 16 weeks are shown. Four of the five patients showed improvements in 2 min walking distance (A), the MFM total score (B) and the MFM D1 subscore (C).</p

Study profile according CONSORT flow chart.

<p>Study profile according CONSORT flow chart.</p