Biomarkers of inflammatory arthritis and proteomics

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A phonological awareness intervention for at-risk preschoolers: the effects of supplemental, intensive small-group instruction

Results from phonological awareness research on assessment and intervention support two major suppositions. First, findings from correlational studies revealing that young children\u27s phonological sensitivity is related to the future development of reading skills (Lonigan et al., 1998) validate early screening of phonological awareness to identify children who may be at risk for encountering reading difficulties. Second, experimental studies examining the effectiveness of phonological awareness instruction demonstrate that young children\u27s phonological sensitivity can be promoted, thereby altering patterns of initial weaknesses (Bentin & Leshem, 1993; O\u27Connor et al., 1995b; Torgesen & Davis, 1996; Warrick et al., 1993) The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of small-group instruction designed to enhance whole-class phonological awareness instruction delivered to preschoolers. Intensive small-group instruction, which supplemented phonological awareness activities conducted with large classroom groups 3 times each week, was provided biweekly to students who demonstrated waeknesses in phonological awareness on pre-treatment measures. The contrast group of low-performing students participated in the whole-class phonological awareness instruction, but received no additional small-group instruction. All students enrolled in 4 different preschool classes participated in phonological awareness instruction delivered to intact classes of 17 to 20 students. Data collected on students participating in the low-skilled treatment and contrast groups and on a sample of average- to high-skilled students, serving as an additional contrast group, were analyzed to examine the effects of supplemental, intensive, small-group phonological awareness instruction delivered to low-skilled preschoolers. The effectiveness of supplemental, intensive, small-group phonological awareness instruction for preschoolers with little awareness of the phonological structure of language was not supported by the results of this study. Analyses of post-intervention scores revealed that the experimental treatment did not promote subjects\u27 phonological awareness to levels significantly higher than those of the low-skilled contrast students, who participated only in phonological awareness instruction delivered to the whole class. The supplemental small-group instruction also did not promote subjects\u27 phonological awareness to levels similar to those of the average- to high-skilled contrast students

Poder no és voler La política de transport regional a Alemanya

El sistema de distribució de competències a Alemanya deixa en mans dels länder, els estats federats, un poder gens menyspreable en la planificació de la política de transports. Tot i això, els governs regionals no utilitzen aquesta potestat per aplicar principis diferenciats segons les característiques de la zona o el color polític dels parlaments autònoms. D'aquesta forma sovint hi ha un cert mimetisme en els projectes, a més de poca adequació a les necessitats reals. Això actua com a fre per l'impuls de serveis de mobilitat innovadors

Neighbourhood Income Affects Obesity

Children who grow up in poor neighbourhoods are more likely to be overweight than children who come from neighbourhoods that have higher incomes.York's Knowledge Mobilization Unit provides services and funding for faculty, graduate students, and community organizations seeking to maximize the impact of academic research and expertise on public policy, social programming, and professional practice. It is supported by SSHRC and CIHR grants, and by the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation. [email protected] www.researchimpact.c

Augustana Historical Society Publications Number 11

Selected Documents Dealing with the Organization of the First Congregations and the First Conferences of the Augustana Synod and their Growth Until 1860, Vol. 2https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ahsbooks/1021/thumbnail.jp

Comparing Circular and Network Buffers to Examine the Influence of Land Use on Walking for Leisure and Errands

Background: There is increasing interest in examining the influence of the built environment onphysical activity. High-resolution data in a geographic information system is increasingly being usedto measure salient aspects of the built environment and studies often use circular or road networkbuffers to measure land use around an individual\u27s home address. However, little research hasexamined the extent to which the selection of circular or road network buffers influences theresults of analysis.The objective of this study is to examine the influence of land use type (residential, commercial,recreational and park land and institutional land) on \u27walking for leisure\u27 and \u27walking for errands\u27using 1 km circular and line-based road network buffers. Data on individual walking patterns isobtained from a survey of 1311 respondents in greater Vancouver and respondent\u27s postal codecentroids were used to construct the individual buffers. Logistic regression was used for statisticalanalysis.Results: Using line-based road network buffers, increasing proportion of institutional landsignificantly reduced the odds of \u27walking for leisure 15 minutes or less per day\u27 no significant resultswere found for circular buffers. A greater proportion of residential land significantly increased theodds of \u27walking for errands less than 1 hour per week\u27 for line-based road network buffer whileno significant results for circular buffers. An increased proportion of commercial land significantlydecreased the odds of \u27walking for errands less than 1 hour per week\u27 for both circular and linebasedroad network buffers.Conclusion: The selection of network or circular buffers has a considerable influence on theresults of analysis. Land use characteristics generally show greater associations with walking usingline-based road network buffers than circular buffers. These results show that researchers need tocarefully consider the most appropriate buffer with which to calculate land use characteristics

Effects of Neighbourhood Income on Reported Body Mass Index: An Eight Year Longitudinal Study of Canadian Children

Background: This study investigates the effects of neighbourhood income on children\u27s BodyMass Index (BMI) from childhood (ages 2–3) to early adolescence (ages 10–11) using longitudinaldata. Methods: Five cycles of data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children andYouth are analyzed for a sub-sample of children (n = 2152) aged 2–3 at baseline (1994) and assessedat two year intervals to 2002. Body mass index percentiles are based on height/weight estimatesreported by proxy respondents (child\u27s person most knowledgeable). Family and neighbourhoodfactors were assessed at baseline. The prevalence of neighbourhood low income was obtained fromthe 1996 Census and divided into three categories from \u27most poor\u27 to \u27least poor\u27. Longitudinalmodelling techniques were applied to the data. Results: After controlling for individual/family factors (age, sex, income, education, familystructure) living in the \u27most poor\u27 neighbourhood was associated with increasing BMI percentile(1.46, 95% CI 0.16 to 2.75) over time compared to a \u27middle\u27 income neighbourhood. Living in anurban (vs. rural) neighbourhood was associated with a decreased BMI percentile (-3.57, 95% CI -6.38 to -0.76) across all time periods. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that effects of neighbourhood disadvantage onchildren\u27s BMI occur between childhood and early adolescence and suggest that policies shouldtarget the conditions of childhood, including the neighbourhood environment