Ectossimbiontes e seus efeitos sobre passeriformes da Mata Atlântica

Orientadora: Lilian Tonelli ManicaMonografia (Bacharelado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológica

Ectossimbiontes e seus efeitos sobre passeriformes da Mata Atlântica

Orientadora: Lilian Tonelli ManicaMonografia (Bacharelado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológica

Song and food availability in the territoriality of the riverbank warbler (Myiothlypis rivularis, aves: passeriformes)

Orientadora: Profª Drª Lilian Tonelli ManicaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Defesa : Curitiba, 04/03/2020Inclui referências: p. 24-29Resumo: Aves defendem territórios utilizando comportamentos custosos, como vocalizações e agressividade. Contudo, tais comportamentos favorecem a aptidão individual ao garantirem acesso e exclusividade a alimentos, parceiros e sítios reprodutivos. Aqui, descrevemos os comportamentos territorial e vocal do pula-pula-ribeirinho (Myiothlypis rivularis, Aves: Passeriformes) e testamos a relação entre atributos dos territórios (tamanho e disponibilidades de alimentos) e parâmetros vocais dos indivíduos. Hipotetizamos que aves com maior qualidade acústica e melhores condições corporais defendem territórios menores e com maior massa de artrópodes, componentes da dieta do pula-pula-ribeirinho. Entre outubro/2018 e abril/2019, anilhamos 23 indivíduos (14 machos e 9 fêmeas) na RPPN Salto Morato - Guaraqueçaba, PR. Usando o estimador de densidade kernel, estimamos área territorial para nove casais e gravamos 10 e 5,4 h de vocalizações de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. Os territórios variaram de 0,88 a 1,66 ha (média±dp: 1,25±0,29 ha), ligeiramente maiores do que os de outras espécies de Parulidae. No entanto, os territórios de pula-pula-ribeirinho são menores que aqueles de outras aves tropicais, especialmente outras que se alimentam de artrópodes. Também encontramos massa de artrópodes variando de 0,11 a 0,26 g (média±dp: 0,18±0,06 g) nos territórios, pelos quais machos e fêmeas passam a maior parte do tempo emitindo chamados, forrageando e se deslocando juntos. Machos emitem cerca de 1,5±0,4 cantos/min, os quais têm, em média, 13,8±2,3 elementos sonoros, duração de 4,7±0,7 s, banda de frequência de 2055±167 Hz e frequência de pico de 3465±80 Hz. Esses cantos apresentam sibilo inicial com pouca modulação de frequência, seguido de trinado. Ainda, para a porção trinada, encontramos uma distribuição triangular entre a taxa de trinado e a banda de frequência e modelamos uma reta de regressão negativa utilizando os pontos no limite superior da distribuição. Calculamos as distâncias ortogonais individuais médias de cada macho em relação a essa regressão que variaram entre 0,27±0,18 e 1,13±0,17. Tal relação negativa se deve às limitações do próprio aparato vocal, sendo necessário alto investimento energético para aumentar ambos os parâmetros simultaneamente. Fêmeas vocalizam com taxa média de 1,4±0,9 cantos/min e seus cantos apresentaram duração de 2,5±0,3 s, banda de frequência de 2262±223 Hz e frequência de pico de 3194±90 Hz. Encontramos relação negativa entre a banda de frequência dos cantos das fêmeas e o tamanho de seus territórios. Isso sugere uma possível atuação das fêmeas na territorialidade para esta espécie. Os parâmetros de canto dos machos, no entanto, não apresentaram relação com tamanho de território e disponibilidade de alimentos. É possível que os parâmetros acústicos atuem mais como indicadores de qualidade individual, ao invés de indicadores de características do território. Com este trabalho, contribuímos com o conhecimento dos comportamentos vocal e territorial em Parulidae na Mata Atlêntica ao apresentar dados inéditos para pula-pula-ribeirinho. Ainda, apontamos a necessidade de pesquisas abordando canto de fêmeas, as quais também podem estar envolvidas com a defesa de territórios. Palavras-chave: aves, bioacústica, Floresta Atlântica, território, vocalização em fêmeas.Abstract: Birds defend territories by engaging in potentially costly behaviors, such as vocalizations and aggressive interactions. Nevertheless, those behaviors favor individual fitness as they help guarantee access and exclusivity to food, sexual partners and nesting sites. Here, we describe territorial and vocal behaviors of the riverbank warbler (Myiothlypis rivularis, Aves: Passeriformes), and tested for relationships between territory attributes (size and food abundance) and individuals' vocal parameters. We hypothesize that birds with higher levels of vocal performance and with larger relative body mass will defend territories that are smaller and contain higher masses of arthropods, the main component of riverbank warbler diets. Between October 2018 and April 2019, we banded 23 riverbank warblers (14 males and 9 females) in the Reserva Natural Salto Morato - Guaraquegaba, PR, Brazil. Using kernel density estimator, we estimated territory sizes of nine warbler pairs and recorded 10 and 5.4 h respectively of male and female vocalizations. Territories varied from 0.88 to 1.66 ha (mean±sd: 1,25±0.29 ha), slightly larger in area than those of other Parulidae species, but smaller than those of many other tropical bird species, especially insectivorous ones. Arthropod mass varied from 0.11 to 0.26 g (mean±sd: 0.18±0.06 g), and males and females spent most of the time cheep-calling, foraging and traveling as pairs. Males sang 1.5±0.4 song/min, their songs comprised 13.8±2.3 elements, 4.7±0.7 s in duration, and measured 2055±167 Hz in frequency bandwidth and 3465±80 Hz in peak frequency. These songs begin with whistle-like notes, with low frequency modulation, and then continue with trilled notes. We found a triangular distribution between trill rate and frequency bandwidth, and modelled a negative regression for its upper-bound limit. We calculated mean individual orthogonal distances to the negative regression ranging from 0.27±0.18 to 1.13±0.17. Such negative relationships are due to limitations of the vocal apparatus, demanding high mechanical investment to simultaneously enhance both parameters. Females vocalize at 1.4±0.9 song/min, their songs span 2.5±0.3 s duration, and feature 2262±224 Hz frequency bandwidths and 3194±90 Hz peak frequencies. We found a relationship between female frequency bandwidth and territory size, in which females with broader bandwidth songs occupied smaller territories. This suggests a possible role for females and their songs in territoriality in this species. However, territory size and food availability were not related to male song parameters. It is possible that acoustic parameters act mainly as indicators of individual quality, rather than territory quality. Overall, this work presents new data on riverbank warbler and contributes new knowledge on vocal and territorial behavior for Parulidae in the Atlantic Forest. In addition, we highlight the need for further studies focused on female song, which like male song could be associated with territory defense. Keywords: Atlantic Forest, bioacoustics, birds, female song, territor

As penas nas histórias em quadrinhos : uma análise de como percebemos as aves e sua contribuição ao ensino de Ciências e Biologia

Orientador : Carlos Eduardo Pilleggi de SouzaTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Licenciatura) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ