14 research outputs found
Measurement of cognitive bias and cortisol levels to evaluate the effects of space restriction on captive collared peccary (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)
We use the judgement-bias paradigm to evaluate whether space restriction in metabolism pens affects the emotional state of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) during a nutritional experiment. We trained individual adult males to âgoâ to a specific location within 30 s when a positive auditory cue (whistle; CS+) was given in order to receive cassava root pieces as a reward, and to âno-goâ when a negative cue (caxixi percussion instrument; CSâ) was sounded to avoid punishment (jet of water) and no reward. An âambiguousâ auditory cue (a drumstick hitting an aluminum plate; CSA) was presented to probe decision-making under ambiguity. Individuals were subjected to five 8-day housing conditions in the order: H1 (control-no space restriction-metabolism pen and additional area), H2 space restriction without environmental enrichment (metabolism pen only), H3 (control-no space restriction), H4 (space restriction with environmental enrichment), and H5 (control-no space restriction). On the eighth day of each housing condition, each animal was exposed to 10 judgement bias trials of each of the three cue types: CS+, CSâ, and CSA. We recorded whether animals showed the âgoâ or âno-goâ response after each type of cue and collected fecal samples to assess fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations. Peccaries learnt to discriminate CS+ and CSâ and maintained this discrimination during the five housing conditions tested. The response to the ambiguous cue (CSA) varied according to the housing condition. During H1, the peccaries made a similar proportion of âgoâ responses to all three types of cue (Ps > 0.07). During H2 and H3, âgoâ responses to CSA and CSâ cues occurred in similar proportions (Ps > 0.70), but peccaries showed more go responses to CS+ (Ps < 0.03) indicating that they were responding to CSA as if it were more likely to predict the waterjet than food. During H4 and H5, peccaries again made a similar proportion of âgoâ responses to all three types of cue, as in H1. During H2 and H3, fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were higher than during the other tests (208.0 ± 16.4 vs. 141.6 ± 25.9 nggâ1 dry feces, Ps < 0.03). Our results suggest that space restriction may induce physiological stress and influence judgement bias and affective state in peccaries, and that these effects may be offset by environmental enrichment. However, the possibility of a general habituation to the housing conditions across time cannot be ruled out
Comparative leaf anatomy and morphology of some Brazilian species of Crotalaria L. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Crotalarieae)
Composition of functional ecological guilds of the fish fauna of the internal sector of the Amazon Estuary, ParĂĄ, Brazil
Padronização do teste imunoalĂ©rgico aplicado ao diagnĂłstico da tuberculose e micobacterioses em suĂnos (Sus scrofa) experimentalmente sensibilizados com suspensĂ”es oleosas de Mycobacterium bovis ou M. avium inativados
Foi investigado o valor diagnĂłstico da resposta alĂ©rgica cutĂąnea em leitĂ”es experimentalmente sensibilizados, pela via intramuscular, com suspensĂ”es oleosas de Mycobacterium bovis ou M. avium inativados pelo calor.Foram utilizados 91 animais, divididos em quatro grupos: grupos A e B, cada um com 25 indivĂduos, grupos C e D com 21 e 20 indivĂduos respectivamente, balanceando-se as caracterĂsticas de raça, linhagem, faixa etĂĄria e sexo. Aos 30 dias de idade, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma triagem com a aplicação de tuberculina PPD bovina, pela via intradĂ©rmica na base da orelha e nĂŁo houve qualquer tipo de reação. Decorridos 60 dias do teste tuberculĂnico de triagem, o grupo A recebeu injeção intramuscular de 0,5 mL de uma suspensĂŁo oleosa de M. avium estirpe D4; o grupo B recebeu 0,5 mL de uma suspensĂŁo oleosa de M. bovis estirpe AN5; o grupo C (controle I), recebeu 0,5 mL do adjuvante oleoso; e o grupo D (controle II), recebeu 0,5 mL de solução fisiolĂłgica. ApĂłs 30 dias da sensibilização foi realizada a prova de tuberculinização comparativa com reação medida pela variação da espessura da pele com cutĂmetro de mola Ă s 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h, apĂłs a aplicação das tuberculinas. No teste comparativo, lido Ă s 48 ou 72 horas, a reação foi considerada negativa quando a diferença das reaçÔes entre o PPD bovino e o PPD aviĂĄrio foi menor que 6,7 mm; suspeito ou inconclusivo quando a diferença se situou na faixa de 6,7 a 7,5 mm; e positiva de acordo com o tipo de PPD, considerando-se tuberculose para PPD M. bovis e micobacteriose para PPD M. avium, quando a diferença da reação foi superior a 7,5 mm