Desenvolvimento de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico com funcionalização de superfície versátil com potencial aplicação para o tratamento da artrite reumatoide e do câncer de mama

A área das Ciências Farmacêuticas busca constantemente por tratamentos mais eficientes, direcionados para alvos específicos, com diminuição da dose necessária e com a minimização dos efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, a área de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica apresenta grande potencial de aplicabilidade, com resultados bastante promissores para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Os sistemas nanoestruturados têm sido avaliados para a incorporação de fármacos já utilizados em tratamentos administrados formas farmacêuticas convencionais que apresentam problemas farmacocinéticos ou farmacodinâmicos quando administrados. E, também, para a incorporação de novas moléculas com potencial para o tratamento de determinada doença. Neste trabalho de tese, nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico versáteis contendo metotrexato na forma ácida e éster, bromelina, etanercept e infliximab foram desenvolvidas buscando contornar as limitações e aumentar a eficácia terapêutica desses fármacos. Inicialmente, as propriedades anti-inflamatórias de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico revestidas por micelas de polissorbato 80 contendo metotrexato encapsulado foram avaliadas em experimentos in vitro e in vivo, em células mononucleares obtidas a partir do líquido sinovial de pacientes com artrite reumatoide e em ratos Lewis com artrite induzida por adjuvante completo de Freund, respectivamente. As nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico demonstraram serem altamente eficazes no controle da inflamação, sendo que os efeitos anti-inflamatórios in vivo foram alcançados em doses 75% menores que o metotrexato em solução. Na sequência, o tratamento in vitro da linhagem de células de carcinoma de mama humano, MCF-7, com nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede funcionalizadas com bromelina demonstrou uma redução de 160 vezes na concentração necessária para obter o mesmo efeito quando comparada a uma solução de bromelina. A influência das pseudofases aniônicas e catiônicas no mecanismo de distribuição da indometacina, tacrolimus, aciclovir, metotrexato e éster etílico de metotrexato, foram avaliadas aplicando um algoritmo desenvolvido para nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico. Verificou-se que somente a indometacina sofreu influência da presença de cargas, aumentando a afinidade pela fase dispersa das formulações. Formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede contendo metotrexato na forma ácida e éster encapsulados e/ou funcionalizando a superfície das nanocápsulas foram desenvolvidas e testadas in vitro em linhagens de células tumorais (MCF-7) e em linhagens de células sadias (HaCaT). Essas formulações demonstraram atividade antiproliferativa maior para as MCF-7 (com redução em mais de 50% na viabilidade celular) em comparação com as soluções de metotrexato e éster etílico de metotrexato e esta atividade foi maior para as formulações em que as moléculas foram funcionalizadas na superfície das nanopartículas. A captação das nanopartículas pelas células também foi maior para as formulações funcionalizadas com metotrexato ou éster etílico de metotrexato em comparação com a formulação em que o éster de metotrexato está encapsulado. As três formulações contendo metotrexato na forma ácida ou éster não demonstraram ação antiproliferativa em linhagens de células sadias (HaCaT). Devido à baixa expressão de receptores de folato nessas células, não houve aumento da captação celular em comparação à formulação sem fármaco. Por último, foram desenvolvidas satisfatoriamente formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede funcionalizadas com os anticorpos monoclonais infliximab e etanercept, e contendo éster etílico de metotrexato encapsulado, demonstrando que são adequadas para futuros estudos visando o tratamento da artrite reumatoide. Esse conjunto de resultados demonstra que as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico com funcionalização de superfície versátil, sejam revestidas com polissorbato 80 ou multiparede funcionalizadas são um sistema bastante promissor para a administração de fármacos de modo a aumentar sua especificidade e eficácia.The Pharmaceutical Sciences field is constantly searching for more effective treatments, aiming specific targets, with dose reduction and minimization of side effects. In this context, the Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology field presents great applicability potential, with highly promising results for the treatment of several diseases. Nanostructured systems have been evaluated for the encapsulation of drugs approved for use in conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms that, however, exhibit pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics problems when administered, and for the encapsulation of novel molecules with potential to treat a determined disease. In the present thesis, versatile lipid-core nanocapsules containing methotrexate in the acid and ester forms, bromelain, etanercept and infliximab were developed, seeking to circumvent the limitations and increase the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. Initially, the anti-inflammatory properties of methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules coated with polysorbate 80 micelles were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo experiments, using mononuclear cells obtained from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients and Lewis rats with Freund complete adjuvant-induced arthritis. Lipid-core nanocapsules demonstrated to be highly effective in the control of inflammation, and the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were reached in a dose 75% lower than the methotrexate in solution. In the sequence, the in vitro treatment of a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, with bromelina-functionalized multiple-wall lipid-core nanocapsules demonstrated a 160-fold reduction of the concentration required to obtain the same effect when compared with a bromelain solution. The influence of the anionic and cationic pseudo-phases in the distribution mechanism of indomethacin, tacrolimus, acyclovir, methotrexate and methotrexate ethyl ester was evaluated through an algorithm developed for lipid-core nanocapsules. It was verified that only indomethacin underwent influence in the presence of charge, increasing the affinity by the disperse phase of the formulations. Multiple-wall lipid-core nanocapsules formulations containing methotrexate in the acid and ester forms encapsulated and/or functionalizing the surface of the nanoparticles were developed and tested in vitro in tumour MCF-7 cells and in a healthy cell line (HaCaT). These formulations demonstrated higher anti-proliferative activity for the MCF-7 cells (reduction of over 50 % in cellular viability) in comparison with the methotrexate and methotrexate ethyl ester solutions and this activity was higher for the formulations in which the molecules were functionalized in the surface of the nanoparticles. A higher cellular uptake was observed for the formulations functionalized with methotrexate or methotrexate ethyl ester in comparison with the formulations in which the methotrexate ester is encapsulated. The three formulations containing methotrexate in the acid or ester form did not demonstrate anti-proliferative activity in non-tumour cell lines (HaCaT). Since these cells have a small expression of folate receptors, the uptake was not increased in comparison with the formulation without drug. Lastly, formulations of methotrexate ethyl ester-loaded multiwall lipid core nanocapsules functionalized with monoclonal antibodies infliximab and etanercept were successfully developed demonstrating suitability for future studies aiming the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These groups of results demonstrate that versatile lipid core nanocapsules, either coated with polysorbate 80 or multiwalled functionalized are a very promising system for the administration of drugs aiming their specificity and efficacy

Proposição de algorítimo para determinação da partição de fármacos em formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico

O conhecimento da partição do fármaco nas nanopartículas auxilia a prever seu comportamento físico-químico e biológico. No entanto, a determinação da localização do fármaco nos sistemas nanocarreadores é complexa. Assim, esse trabalho propõe um algoritmo para determinar a partição de fármacos, nas diferentes pseudofases das suspensões de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico. Para isso preparou-se formulações empregando fármacos com diferentes características. Calculou-se o Log D e a concentração de saturação desses fármacos em água e na fase aquosa das formulações. As formulações foram diluídas de 0 a 1000 vezes e, utilizando a técnica de ultrafiltração-centrifugação, realizou-se a quantificação dos fármacos no ultrafiltrado. A partir desses dados formulou-se um algoritmo classificando as formulações em seis grupos conforme a partição dos fármacos. Tipo I: o fármaco encontra-se totalmente solubilizado na fase contínua. Tipo II: o fármaco está parcialmente solubilizado na fase aquosa e parcialmente encapsulado nas nanopartículas, provavelmente, adsorvido à parede polimérica Tipo III: o fármaco encontra-se distribuído entre as diferentes pseudo-fases do sistema, parcialmente solubilizado na fase aquosa e parcialmente encapsulado nas nanopartículas, nestas, parte está adsorvido na parede polimérica e parte encapsulado no núcleo lipídico. Tipo IV: o fármaco está encapsulado nas nanopartículas, majoritariamente adsorvido à parede polimérica. Tipo V: o fármaco está encapsulado nas nanopartículas, majoritariamente adsorvido à parede polimérica, e o excesso dele encontra-se na forma de nanocristais. Tipo VI: o fármaco está totalmente encapsulado nas nanopartículas, majoritariamente presente no núcleo lipídico das nanocápsulas. Assim, o algoritmo demonstrou que pode ser utilizado para uma ampla gama de moléculas.Drugs Partition in the nanoparticles can predict their physical, chemical and biological behavior. However, determining the amount of drug in the encapsulated nanoparticle systems is complex. Considering those, this work proposes an algorithm to determine the drugs partition in different pseudo-phases of the suspensions of nanocapsules of lipid core. Formulations content drugs with different characteristics were used. We calculated the log D and the saturation concentration these drugs in water and aqueous phase of the formulations. The nanocapsule formulations were diluted in water between 0 and 1000 and, using the technique of ultrafiltration-centrifugation, the drug content in the ultrafiltered was determined. An algorithm was obtained with those data. The formulations were categorized in six groups according the drugs partition. Group I: in this group, drug is totally dissolved in the aqueous phase instead of loading to the nanocapsules. Group II: drug is dissolved in the aqueous phase and adsorbed in the nanocapsule surface. Group III: drug in these formulations is dissolved in the aqueous phase, it encapsulated in the lipidic core and adsorbed in the nanocapsules surface. Group IV: drug is partially encapsulated in the nanoparticles, major adsorbed in the nanocapsules surface. Group V: drug is partially encapsulated in the nanoparticles, major adsorbed in the nanocapsules surface and the exceeding drug was organized as colloidal aggregates. Group VI: drug is encapsulated in the nanoparticles, major encapsulated in the lipidic core. Thus, the algorithm demonstrated that it can be used for various molecules

Desenvolvimento de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico com funcionalização de superfície versátil com potencial aplicação para o tratamento da artrite reumatoide e do câncer de mama

A área das Ciências Farmacêuticas busca constantemente por tratamentos mais eficientes, direcionados para alvos específicos, com diminuição da dose necessária e com a minimização dos efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, a área de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica apresenta grande potencial de aplicabilidade, com resultados bastante promissores para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Os sistemas nanoestruturados têm sido avaliados para a incorporação de fármacos já utilizados em tratamentos administrados formas farmacêuticas convencionais que apresentam problemas farmacocinéticos ou farmacodinâmicos quando administrados. E, também, para a incorporação de novas moléculas com potencial para o tratamento de determinada doença. Neste trabalho de tese, nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico versáteis contendo metotrexato na forma ácida e éster, bromelina, etanercept e infliximab foram desenvolvidas buscando contornar as limitações e aumentar a eficácia terapêutica desses fármacos. Inicialmente, as propriedades anti-inflamatórias de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico revestidas por micelas de polissorbato 80 contendo metotrexato encapsulado foram avaliadas em experimentos in vitro e in vivo, em células mononucleares obtidas a partir do líquido sinovial de pacientes com artrite reumatoide e em ratos Lewis com artrite induzida por adjuvante completo de Freund, respectivamente. As nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico demonstraram serem altamente eficazes no controle da inflamação, sendo que os efeitos anti-inflamatórios in vivo foram alcançados em doses 75% menores que o metotrexato em solução. Na sequência, o tratamento in vitro da linhagem de células de carcinoma de mama humano, MCF-7, com nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede funcionalizadas com bromelina demonstrou uma redução de 160 vezes na concentração necessária para obter o mesmo efeito quando comparada a uma solução de bromelina. A influência das pseudofases aniônicas e catiônicas no mecanismo de distribuição da indometacina, tacrolimus, aciclovir, metotrexato e éster etílico de metotrexato, foram avaliadas aplicando um algoritmo desenvolvido para nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico. Verificou-se que somente a indometacina sofreu influência da presença de cargas, aumentando a afinidade pela fase dispersa das formulações. Formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede contendo metotrexato na forma ácida e éster encapsulados e/ou funcionalizando a superfície das nanocápsulas foram desenvolvidas e testadas in vitro em linhagens de células tumorais (MCF-7) e em linhagens de células sadias (HaCaT). Essas formulações demonstraram atividade antiproliferativa maior para as MCF-7 (com redução em mais de 50% na viabilidade celular) em comparação com as soluções de metotrexato e éster etílico de metotrexato e esta atividade foi maior para as formulações em que as moléculas foram funcionalizadas na superfície das nanopartículas. A captação das nanopartículas pelas células também foi maior para as formulações funcionalizadas com metotrexato ou éster etílico de metotrexato em comparação com a formulação em que o éster de metotrexato está encapsulado. As três formulações contendo metotrexato na forma ácida ou éster não demonstraram ação antiproliferativa em linhagens de células sadias (HaCaT). Devido à baixa expressão de receptores de folato nessas células, não houve aumento da captação celular em comparação à formulação sem fármaco. Por último, foram desenvolvidas satisfatoriamente formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico multiparede funcionalizadas com os anticorpos monoclonais infliximab e etanercept, e contendo éster etílico de metotrexato encapsulado, demonstrando que são adequadas para futuros estudos visando o tratamento da artrite reumatoide. Esse conjunto de resultados demonstra que as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico com funcionalização de superfície versátil, sejam revestidas com polissorbato 80 ou multiparede funcionalizadas são um sistema bastante promissor para a administração de fármacos de modo a aumentar sua especificidade e eficácia.The Pharmaceutical Sciences field is constantly searching for more effective treatments, aiming specific targets, with dose reduction and minimization of side effects. In this context, the Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology field presents great applicability potential, with highly promising results for the treatment of several diseases. Nanostructured systems have been evaluated for the encapsulation of drugs approved for use in conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms that, however, exhibit pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics problems when administered, and for the encapsulation of novel molecules with potential to treat a determined disease. In the present thesis, versatile lipid-core nanocapsules containing methotrexate in the acid and ester forms, bromelain, etanercept and infliximab were developed, seeking to circumvent the limitations and increase the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. Initially, the anti-inflammatory properties of methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules coated with polysorbate 80 micelles were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo experiments, using mononuclear cells obtained from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients and Lewis rats with Freund complete adjuvant-induced arthritis. Lipid-core nanocapsules demonstrated to be highly effective in the control of inflammation, and the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were reached in a dose 75% lower than the methotrexate in solution. In the sequence, the in vitro treatment of a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, with bromelina-functionalized multiple-wall lipid-core nanocapsules demonstrated a 160-fold reduction of the concentration required to obtain the same effect when compared with a bromelain solution. The influence of the anionic and cationic pseudo-phases in the distribution mechanism of indomethacin, tacrolimus, acyclovir, methotrexate and methotrexate ethyl ester was evaluated through an algorithm developed for lipid-core nanocapsules. It was verified that only indomethacin underwent influence in the presence of charge, increasing the affinity by the disperse phase of the formulations. Multiple-wall lipid-core nanocapsules formulations containing methotrexate in the acid and ester forms encapsulated and/or functionalizing the surface of the nanoparticles were developed and tested in vitro in tumour MCF-7 cells and in a healthy cell line (HaCaT). These formulations demonstrated higher anti-proliferative activity for the MCF-7 cells (reduction of over 50 % in cellular viability) in comparison with the methotrexate and methotrexate ethyl ester solutions and this activity was higher for the formulations in which the molecules were functionalized in the surface of the nanoparticles. A higher cellular uptake was observed for the formulations functionalized with methotrexate or methotrexate ethyl ester in comparison with the formulations in which the methotrexate ester is encapsulated. The three formulations containing methotrexate in the acid or ester form did not demonstrate anti-proliferative activity in non-tumour cell lines (HaCaT). Since these cells have a small expression of folate receptors, the uptake was not increased in comparison with the formulation without drug. Lastly, formulations of methotrexate ethyl ester-loaded multiwall lipid core nanocapsules functionalized with monoclonal antibodies infliximab and etanercept were successfully developed demonstrating suitability for future studies aiming the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These groups of results demonstrate that versatile lipid core nanocapsules, either coated with polysorbate 80 or multiwalled functionalized are a very promising system for the administration of drugs aiming their specificity and efficacy

Methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules are highly effective in the control of inflammation in synovial cells and a chronic arthritis model

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease in the word, affecting 1% of the population. Long-term prognosis in RA was greatly improved following the introduction of highly effective medications such as methotrexate (MTX). Despite the importance of this drug in RA, 8%–16% of patients must discontinue the treatment because of adverse effects. Last decade, we developed a promising new nanocarrier as a drug-delivery system, lipid-core nanocapsules. Objective: The aim of the investigation reported here was to evaluate if methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (MTX-LNC) reduce proinflammatory and T-cell-derived cytokines in activated mononuclear cells derived from RA patients and even in functional MTX-resistant conditions. We also aimed to find out if MTX-LNC would reduce inflammation in experimentally inflammatory arthritis at lower doses than MTX solution. Methods: Formulations were prepared by self-assembling methodology. The adjuvant arthritis was induced in Lewis rats (AIA) and the effect on edema formation, TNF-α levels, and interleukin-1 beta levels after treatment was evaluated. Mononuclear cells obtained from the synovial fluid of RA patients during articular infiltration procedures were treated with MTX solution and MTX-LNC. For in vitro experiments, the same dose of MTX was used in comparing MTX and MTX-LNC, while the dose of MTX in the MTX-LNC was 75% lower than the drug in solution in in vivo experiments. Results: Formulations presented nanometric and unimodal size distribution profiles, with D[4.3] of 175±17 nm and span of 1.6±0.2. Experimental results showed that MTX-LNC had the same effect as MTX on arthritis inhibition on day 28 of the experiment (P,0.0001); however, this effect was achieved earlier, on day 21 (P,0.0001), by MTX-LNC, and this formulation had reduced both TNF-α (P=0.001) and IL-1a (P=0.0002) serum levels by the last day of the experiment. Further, the MTX-LNC were more effective at reducing the cytokine production from mononuclear synovial cells than MTX. Conclusion: The MTX-LNC were better than the MTX solution at reducing proinflammatory cytokines and T-cell-derived cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-17A. This result, combined with the reduction in the dose required for therapy, shows that MTX-LNC are a very promising system for the treatment of RA

Methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules are highly effective in the control of inflammation in synovial cells and a chronic arthritis model

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease in the word, affecting 1% of the population. Long-term prognosis in RA was greatly improved following the introduction of highly effective medications such as methotrexate (MTX). Despite the importance of this drug in RA, 8%–16% of patients must discontinue the treatment because of adverse effects. Last decade, we developed a promising new nanocarrier as a drug-delivery system, lipid-core nanocapsules. Objective: The aim of the investigation reported here was to evaluate if methotrexate-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (MTX-LNC) reduce proinflammatory and T-cell-derived cytokines in activated mononuclear cells derived from RA patients and even in functional MTX-resistant conditions. We also aimed to find out if MTX-LNC would reduce inflammation in experimentally inflammatory arthritis at lower doses than MTX solution. Methods: Formulations were prepared by self-assembling methodology. The adjuvant arthritis was induced in Lewis rats (AIA) and the effect on edema formation, TNF-α levels, and interleukin-1 beta levels after treatment was evaluated. Mononuclear cells obtained from the synovial fluid of RA patients during articular infiltration procedures were treated with MTX solution and MTX-LNC. For in vitro experiments, the same dose of MTX was used in comparing MTX and MTX-LNC, while the dose of MTX in the MTX-LNC was 75% lower than the drug in solution in in vivo experiments. Results: Formulations presented nanometric and unimodal size distribution profiles, with D[4.3] of 175±17 nm and span of 1.6±0.2. Experimental results showed that MTX-LNC had the same effect as MTX on arthritis inhibition on day 28 of the experiment (P,0.0001); however, this effect was achieved earlier, on day 21 (P,0.0001), by MTX-LNC, and this formulation had reduced both TNF-α (P=0.001) and IL-1a (P=0.0002) serum levels by the last day of the experiment. Further, the MTX-LNC were more effective at reducing the cytokine production from mononuclear synovial cells than MTX. Conclusion: The MTX-LNC were better than the MTX solution at reducing proinflammatory cytokines and T-cell-derived cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-17A. This result, combined with the reduction in the dose required for therapy, shows that MTX-LNC are a very promising system for the treatment of RA

Methotrexate diethyl ester-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in aqueous solution increased antineoplastic effects in resistant breast cancer cell line

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting women. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolic drug that remains important in the treatment of breast cancer. Its efficacy is compromised by resistance in cancer cells that occurs through a variety of mechanisms. This study evaluated apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by an MTX derivative (MTX diethyl ester [MTX(OEt)2]) and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in two MTX-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The formulations prepared presented adequate granulometric profile. The treatment responses were evaluated through flow cytometry. Relying on the mechanism of resistance, we observed different responses between cell lines. For MCF-7 cells, MTX(OEt)2 solution and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with unloaded lipid-core nanocapsules. For MDA-MB-231 cells, MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules were significantly more efficient in inducing apoptosis than the solution of the free drug. S-phase cell cycle arrest was induced only by MTX(OEt)2 solution. The drug nanoencapsulation improved apoptosis induction for the cell line that presents MTX resistance by lack of transport receptors

Methotrexate diethyl ester-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in aqueous solution increased antineoplastic effects in resistant breast cancer cell line

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting women. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolic drug that remains important in the treatment of breast cancer. Its efficacy is compromised by resistance in cancer cells that occurs through a variety of mechanisms. This study evaluated apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by an MTX derivative (MTX diethyl ester [MTX(OEt)2]) and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in two MTX-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The formulations prepared presented adequate granulometric profile. The treatment responses were evaluated through flow cytometry. Relying on the mechanism of resistance, we observed different responses between cell lines. For MCF-7 cells, MTX(OEt)2 solution and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with unloaded lipid-core nanocapsules. For MDA-MB-231 cells, MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules were significantly more efficient in inducing apoptosis than the solution of the free drug. S-phase cell cycle arrest was induced only by MTX(OEt)2 solution. The drug nanoencapsulation improved apoptosis induction for the cell line that presents MTX resistance by lack of transport receptors