Reclassification of Geobacillus pallidus (Scholz et al. 1988) Banat et al. 2004 as Aeribacillus pallidus gen. nov., comb., nov.

Although Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus, two genera of thermophilic bacteria close to the genus Bacillus, have only been described recently, the number of species in these genera has increased rapidly. Four thermophilic, lipolytic strains (DR01, DR02, DR03 and DR04) isolated from a hot spring in Veracruz (Mexico), which could not be identified phenotypically, were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three strains were identified as belonging to the genus Anoxybacillus, but strain DR03 was identified as Geobacillus pallidus. This result led us to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the genera Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus based on 16S rRNA gene sequences from all the type strains of these genera. Phylogenetic trees showed three major clusters, Anoxybacillus-Geobacillus tepidamans, Geobacillus sensu stricto and Geobacillus pallidus, while the 16S rRNA gene sequences of G. pallidus (DR03 and the type strain) showed low similarity to sequences of Anoxybacillus (92.5-95.1 %) and Geobacillus (92.8-94.5 %) species, as well as to Bacillus subtilis (92.2-92.4 %). In addition, G. pallidus could be differentiated from Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus on the basis of DNA G+C content and fatty acid and polar lipid profiles. From these results, it is proposed that Geobacillus pallidus should be classified in a novel genus, for which we propose the name Aeribacillus, as Aeribacillus pallidus gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of Aeribacillus pallidus is H12T (=ATCC 51176T =DSM 3670T =LMG 19006T)

Utilización de microorganismos de ambientes extremos y sus productos en el desarrollo biotecnológico

Biotechnology represents a viable alternative for a sustainable industrial development, as it provides the tools needed to adapt and modify organisms, products systems, and processes to improve industrial activity. This makes it more profitable, diverse and friendly with the environment than the traditional chemical and physical processes. In this regard, extremophilic microorganisms represent the most promising option as a source of biomolecules with biocatalytic capacity, able to withstand drastic process conditions. In addition, their full-scale use may lead to industrial sustainability.La biotecnología representa una alternativa viable para el desarrollo industrial sustentable, ya que provee las herramientas necesarias para adaptar y modificar organismos, productos, sistemas y procesos naturales para mejorar el quehacer industrial, haciéndolo más rentable, diverso y amigable con el entorno de lo que pueden ser los procesos químicos y físicos tradicionales. En este sentido, los microorganismos extremófilos constituyen la opción más prometedora como fuente de biomoléculas con capacidad biocatalizadora, capaces de soportar condiciones drásticas de proceso y cuyo uso comercial puede conducir a la sustentabilidad industrial

Diversity of Bacterioplankton and Bacteriobenthos from the Veracruz Reef System, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico

Bacterial diversity was explored among field samples and cultured isolates from coral reefs within the Veracruz Reef System. Bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos were characterized by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes. Identified sequences belonged to the kingdom Bacteria and classified into 33 phyla. Proteobacteria (likely SAR11 clade) dominated in collective field samples, whereas Firmicutes were the most abundant taxa among cultured isolates. Bioinformatic sorting of sequences to family level revealed 223 bacterial families. Pseudomonadaceae, Exiguobacteraceae and Bacillaceae were dominant among cultured isolates. Vibrionaceae, Alteromonadaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae dominated in reef-associated sediments, whereas Rickettsiaceae and Synechoccaceae were more highly represented in the water column. Bacterial communities from sediments were more diverse than from the water column. This study reveals cryptic bacterial diversity among microenvironmental components of marine microbial reef communities subject to differential influence of anthropogenic stressors. Such investigations are critical for constructing scenarios of environmentally induced shifts in bacterial biodiversity and species composition

Síndrome Metabólico y su correlación con los niveles séricos de urea, creatinina y ácido úrico en adultos de Veracruz

Objective. The aim was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and to correlate its components with the serum levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid, in adults from Veracruz. Materials and Methods. It was assessed 105 people with social health insurance non-hospitalized from IMSS UMAE No. 14. The mean age was 45.8 ±13.5 years. After 12-hour fasting period a blood sample was taken to the following serum determinations: glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. The anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed. MS was defined according to ATP-III and IDF. Results. The 60% of adults had MS, most of them (30.3%) were 45-64 years old. Abdominal obesity and low HDL-cholesterol, were the most frequent alterations (97.1% and 69.5%). The 31.4% of the sample was found with hyperuricemia. The serum level of uric acid was directly correlated with glucose (r=0.27 p <0.05), sistolic (r= 0.20 p <0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r= 0.19 p <0.05). Uric acid was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.39 p <0.05). Urea showed positive relation with sistolic (r= 0.33 p <0.05) and BUN/creatinine with diastolic blood pressure (r= 0.20 p <0.05). Conclusion. The high frequency of MS in these adults was determined by the abdominal obesity and the hipoalphalipoproteinemia. The MS was associated to hyperuricemia which was evident in the third of the sample.Objetivo. Conocer la prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico (SM) y correlacionar sus componentes con los niveles séricos de urea, creatina y ácido úrico, en adultos de Veracruz. Materiales y Métodos. Se evaluaron 105 derechohabientes no hospitalizados del IMSS-UMAE (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social-Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad) No. 14, con edad promedio de 45.8 ±13.5 años. Previo ayuno de 12 horas, se determinaron los niveles séricos de glucosa, urea, creatinina, ácido úrico, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol y triglicéridos. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos y se examinó la presión arterial y frecuencia cardiaca. El SM se definió de acuerdo con la ATP III y con la IDF. Resultados. El 60% de los adultos evaluados se diagnosticaron con SM, la mayoría (30.3%) en el rango de edad de 45 a 64 años. Predominó la obesidad abdominal en el 97.1% y el HDL-col reducido en el 70.5%. El 31.4% de la muestra presentó hiperuricemia. El ácido úrico se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con glucosa (r=0.27, p <0.05), presión sistólica (r=0.20, p <0.05) y diastólica (r=0.19, p <0.05), mientras que con el HDL-colesterol se asoció de manera inversa (r=-0.39, p <0.05). La urea sérica mostró relación directa con la presión sistólica (r=0.33, p <0.05) y el BUN/Creatinina con la presión diastólica (r=0.20, p <0.05). Conclusiones. La elevada frecuencia de SM en estos adultos fue determinada por la obesidad abdominal y la hipoalfalipoproteinemia. El SM se asoció con hiperuricemia, la cual fue evidente en la tercera parte de la muestra

Prebióticos y microbiota: Factores clave en el síndrome metabólico

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex global public health problem, and related diseases are a cause of death, which in 2020 was 43%. Treatment and prevention of MetS without drugs have a significant impact by addressing the problem comprehensively. With lifestyle changes, modifying the diet to include bioactive compounds that favor the gut microbiota (IM) and increased physical activity. Because of the IM role in the pathogenesis of MetS, probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated into the diet individually or mixed with foods or supplements in recent years. The present review defines the role of prebiotics in modifying the microbiota for the treatment and prevention of this condition.El síndrome metabólico (SMet) es un problema complejo de salud pública mundial, enfermedades relacionadas con él son causa de muerte que en el año 2020 fue del 43%. El tratamiento y la prevención del SMet sin el uso de fármacos tiene un impacto significativo al abordar el problema de forma integral. Esencialmente con cambios en el estilo de vida, al modificar la dieta incluyendo compuestos bioactivos que favorecen a la microbiota intestinal (MI) y un aumento de la actividad física. Debido al papel de la (MI) en la patogénesis del SMet, en los últimos años se han incorporado a la dieta probióticos y prebióticos individualmente o mezclados con alimentos o suplementos. La presente revisión define el papel de los prebióticos en la modificación de la microbiota para el tratamiento y la prevención de este padecimiento

Production and Characterization of Cross-Linked Aggregates of Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 Thermoalkaliphilic Recombinant Lipase

Immobilization of enzymes has many advantages for their application in biotechnological processes. In particular, the cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) allow the production of solid biocatalysts with a high enzymatic loading and the advantage of obtaining derivatives with high stability at low cost. The purpose of this study was to produce cross-linked enzymatic aggregates (CLEAs) of LipMatCCR11, a 43 kDa recombinant solvent-tolerant thermoalkaliphilic lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11. LipMatCCR11-CLEAs were prepared using (NH4)2SO4 (40% w/v) as precipitant agent and glutaraldehyde (40 mM) as cross-linker, at pH 9, 20 &deg;C. A U10(56) uniform design was used to optimize CLEA production, varying protein concentration, ammonium sulfate %, pH, glutaraldehyde concentration, temperature, and incubation time. The synthesized CLEAs were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that showed individual particles of &lt;1 &micro;m grouped to form a superstructure. The cross-linked aggregates showed a maximum mass activity of 7750 U/g at 40 &deg;C and pH 8 and retained more than 20% activity at 100 &deg;C. Greater thermostability, resistance to alkaline conditions and the presence of organic solvents, and better durability during storage were observed for LipMatCCR11-CLEAs in comparison with the soluble enzyme. LipMatCCR11-CLEAs presented good reusability by conserving 40% of their initial activity after 9 cycles of reuse