8 research outputs found

    COMPARISON OF ELISA AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY METHODS FOR QUANTIFICATION OF HUMAN PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR IN SERUM

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    Placental growth factor (PlGF) is crucial during placental development in early pregnancy. Several studies in pregnancies with complications such as preeclampsia or small for gestational age neonates find that PlGF levels are significantly lower in the first trimester, which implies that the concentration of PlGF could be used as an early screening biomarker for these conditions. This study aimed to compare the performance of chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of human PlGF in serum. This is a comparative study on 88 pregnant women in the first trimester subjected to measurement of PlGF in serum using two commercially available kits: Human PlGF Quantikine HS ELISA (R&D Systems) and PlGF CLIA (Snibe). The overall coefficient of correlation between the tests was 0.93. When the cut-off value of 40 pg/mL was applied, it dropped significantly to 0.50 towards the lower values, while remaining an excellent 0.91 in the group with higher concentrations of PlGF. While R&D Systems’s ELISA seems to have better sensitivity, it is not very convenient to use for a small number of samples. Snibe’s CLIA automated method is user-friendly, fast and powerful. Both tests show excellent performance when indicating risk-free pregnancies

    Immunonephelometry and Reverse Hybrydization Genotyping in Diagnosis of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency in Macedonians

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    BACKGROUND: With a frequency of 1:1600, the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is one of the most frequent hereditary diseases and can be recessively inherited. AAT deficiency is most often caused by inheritance of the so-called PiZ allele. Inheritance of this allele increases the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and liver disease.AIM: The aim of this study was to present immunonephelometry and reverse hybridization genotyping in diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in Republic of Macedonia.MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, part of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, in the previous 7 years, total of 361 patients with suspected alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency were referred for analysis of AAT concentration using nephelometry (Dade Behring) and subsequent AAT genotyping of individuals with alpha-1-antytripsin deficiency at protein level, based on reverse hybridization technique.RESULTS: Measurement of AAT concentration (g/l) by nephelometry have shown normal level in the range of 1.37-1.41 g/l (88%), lower than normal AAT levels in the range of 0.70-0.83 g/l (8.03%), and concentration above the normal levels in the range of 2.28-2.4 g/l (3.88%).CONCLUSION: Diagnosis in the case of a suspicion of AAT deficiency is carried out by measuring the alpha-1-antitrypsin level in blood and by genotyping of alpha-1-antytripsin allele

    A case of a ten-year old girl with dominantly inherited Familial Mediterranean fever in Republic of Macedonia

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    The Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF, MIM249100) is an autoimflammatory genetic disease characterized with recurrent painful attacks in the abdomen, chest or joints, usually accompanied with high body temperature. It is classically inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is associated with mutations of the MEFV gene, coding for the protein pyrin. More than 140 mutations of the MEFV gene are defined worldwide. Despite the progress in establishing reliable tests practical for routine use, as much as 20% of the patients with FMF remain without a detectable mutation in the MEFV gene. This is the main reason why the diagnosis of FMF remains still a clinical one, according to Tel Hashomer criteria. A 10-year old girl admitted to the Clinic of Pediatrics at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje for unexplained fever. After numerous laboratory analyses and specialist consultations were done, genetic testing for FMF was requested. The presence of an heterozygous mutation E148Q was confirmed at the Institute for Immunobiology and Human Genetics using a PCR based, reverse hybridization method. Administration of colchicine, the therapy of choice, in a dose of 1.5 mg/day, lead to complete resolution of the symptoms within some days following commencement. Although the disease is classically inherited in a recessive manner, some atypical cases of autosomal dominant inheritance are described. Our patient may be another example supporting the unusual dominant inheritance, since the heterozygous state for the E148Q mutation was the only positive finding in the genotyping of the 12 most frequent MEFV mutations

    ПРАКВИКУМ ЗА Π₯УМАНА Π“Π•ΠΠ•Π’Π˜ΠšΠ - 1: Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° настава ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ…ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° - Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ -

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    The subject of human genetics was introduced for the first time with the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje in the academic year 2005/2006. The subject is taken in the second semester with a total of 60 hours (30 hours of theory and 30 hours of exercises) and is valued at 4 credits. The content of the subject is divided into two functional units: Human Genetics-1, with a fund of 30 hours, in which the basics of human genetics are presented, and Human Genetics-2, with a fund of 30 hours, in which the genetic aspects of diseases are presented man, their diagnosis and treatment. In this practicum for Human Genetics-1, texts from 15 exercises have been entered, grouped into five blocks of three exercises each. At the beginning of the blocks are given the web objectives for each separate exercise and the points that bring the presence of the exercises and the knowledge gained from them. In each exercise, extensive material is given that is related to the performance of the corresponding exercise, mainly due to the lack of appropriate printed materials in the Macedonian language for their understanding. At the end of each exercise, several tasks are given that each student should perform, and in the corresponding spaces enter a part of the results that he received. In that way, students can recall the performance of the exercises during their studies. With the introduction of a course for Higher Vocational Schools at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, the subject Human Genetics was introduced for nurses with a fund of 15+0 hours, as well as for speech therapists with a fund of 30+30 hours. This practicum is intended for practical teaching for speech therapists, with a shortening of 5 exercises (one exercise from each block). The first edition of the Human Genetics Practicum-1 was printed in 2006. Comments from reviewers and students have been partially incorporated into this edition. We expect students to provide additional comments to improve the content and text of this practicum. I hope that the practicum will help students master the exercises from Human Genetics-1. Prof. Dr Mirko Spiroski Skopje, 2009ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ…ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ со Европскиот ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π½ трансфСр систСм (Π•ΠšΠ’Π‘) Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ БкопјС Π²ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π°Ρ‚Π° 2005/2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ сС ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ сСмСстар со Π²ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ΅Π½ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΠΎΠ΄ 60 часови (30 часа тСорСтски ΠΈ 30 часа Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ) ΠΈ сС Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΡƒΠ²Π° со 4 ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ: Π₯ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°-1, со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΠΎΠ΄ 30 часа, Π²ΠΎ која сС изнСсуваат основитС Π½Π° Ρ…ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π₯ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°-2, со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΠΎΠ΄ 30 часа, Π²ΠΎ која сС изнСсуваат гСнСтски аспСкти Π½Π° болСститС кај Ρ‡ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚, Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅. Π’ΠΎ овој ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ Π·Π° Π₯ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°-1 внСсСни сС тСкстови ΠΎΠ΄ 15 Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ. На ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° сСкоја ΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ носат присуството Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ стСкнатото знаСњС ΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ². Π’ΠΎ сСкоја Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π» кој Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ со ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° соодвСтната Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π°, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ нСдостаток ΠΎΠ΄ соодвСтни ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° макСдонски јазик Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅. На ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ сСкоја Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ сС Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° сСкој студСнт Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅, Π° Π²ΠΎ соодвСтнитС простори Π΄Π° внСсС Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ кој Π³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ». На Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ студСнтитС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° сС присСтуваат Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ насока Π·Π° Високи стручни школи Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ БкопјС, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π₯ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π° мСдицински сСстри со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π½Π° часови 15+0, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π½Π° часови 30+30. Овој ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° настава Π·Π° Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, со ΡΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° 5 Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ сСкој Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ).Β  ΠŸΡ€Π²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Ρ…ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°-1 бСшС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π—Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π½Π·Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ студСнтитС сС Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠžΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ΅ студСнтитС Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ забСлСшки Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ содрТината ΠΈ тСкстот Π½Π° овој ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ. Π‘Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π²Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌΠΎΡ‚ ќС ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ Π½Π° студСнтитС Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ совладаат Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π₯ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°-1. Β  ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ„. Π΄-Ρ€ ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎ Бпироски БкопјС, 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½

    Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ: - лабораториска ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° -

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    The subject of immunology was introduced for the first time in the six-year study system of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje in the academic year 1993/94. The subject was taught in the winter semester of the third year (5th semester) with a total fund of 30 hours (15 hours of theoretical teaching and 15 hours of practical teaching). In the beginning, the entire theoretical and practical teaching was carried out by teachers and assistants in physiology from the Institute of Physiology and teachers and assistants in transfusiology from the Republic Institute of Transfusiology. During 1994, elections were announced and the first teacher and the first assistants for the subject of immunology were chosen. On 02.03. In 1995, the first Department of Immunology was established at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. Since 2001, the subject Immunology has been taught in the fourth semester (second year) with a fund of 15 plus 15 hours and with an additional 15 hours of seminars. From the academic year 2005/06, the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje started, according to which the subject Immunology is taught with a pool of hours 24 and 21 (45) in the third semester (second year). In June 1995, the first textbook on immunology was published, that is, the book Basic immunological methods intended for the practical teaching of this subject. In 2005, the book Immunologic practicum for the practical teaching of the immunology subject was published by the Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics. The employees of the Institute were busy with the task of writing an Immunology practicum - immuno-diagnostics according to the ECTS program and making it available to the students. In this practicum, seven blocks of exercises from immunodiagnostics to immunology have been introduced. Each block is composed of three exercises, the first two of which are laboratory methods for immunodiagnostics, and the third exercise is the interpretation of the results of the corresponding area of immunology. Along with these seven blocks, i.e. 21 exercises, additional materials are offered in the form of video clips (on compact disc) for easier mastering of the material. Case analyzes are added to each exercise on the interpretation of immunological results in order for students to connect the immunological results with future clinical disciplines in which they will apply the acquired knowledge of immunology. Students should master the provided materials before attending exercises in order to win the highest number of points and thus a higher grade. I hope that the practicum will be useful to the students and that it will be a good basis for the adoption of the new curriculum of this subject.   Prof. Dr Mirko Spiroski Skopje, November 2006ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΎ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡˆΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ систСм Π½Π° студии Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠΏjΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° 1993/94 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ сС ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡˆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ зимскиот сСмСстар ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° (5. сСмСстар) со Π²ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ΅Π½ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΠΎΠ΄ 30 часови (15 часа тСорСтска настава ΠΈ 15 часа ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° настава). Π’ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° тСорСтска ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° наставата jΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°Π° наставници ΠΈ асистСнти ΠΏΠΎ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° ΠΈ наставници ΠΈ асистСнти ΠΏΠΎ трансфузиологиjΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° трансфузиологиjΠ°. Π’ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° 1994 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Π΅Π° Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ наставник ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ асистСнти ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ°. На 02.03. 1995 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ конституирана ΠΏΡ€Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠšΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π° Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠΏjΠ΅. Од 2001 ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° сС ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡˆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π²Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ сСмСстар (Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°) со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π½Π° часови 15 ΠΈ 15 ΠΈ со Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ 15 часови сСминари. Од ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° 2005/06 Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° Европскиот ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ трансфСр систСм (Π•ΠšΠ’Π‘) Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠΏjΠ΅, спорСд ΠΊΠΎj ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° сС ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ° со Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π½Π° часови 24 ΠΈ 21 (45) Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ сСмСстар (Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°). Π’ΠΎ jΡƒΠ½ΠΈ мСсСц 1995 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ°, односно ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π° Основни ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° настава ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎj ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚. Π’ΠΎ 2005 ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π° Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° настава ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ° ΠΈ Ρ…ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π’Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ сС Π·Π°Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈjΠ° со Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ - ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈjагностика спорСд ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° Π•ΠšΠ’Π‘ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎ стават Π½Π° Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° студСнтитС. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎj ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ сС внСсСни сСдум Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈjагностиката Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ°Ρ‚Π°. Π‘Π΅ΠΊΠΎj Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ Π΅ сотавСн ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ сС лабораториски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈjагностика, Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ соодвСтаната област Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ°Ρ‚Π°. Кон ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ сСдум Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, односно 21 Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈjΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ исСчоци (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ диск) Π·Π° полСсно ΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈjΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ‚. Кон сСкоjΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±Π° Π·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ сС Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π° случаи со Ρ†Π΅Π» студСнтитС Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ со ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ дисциплини Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ќС Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚ стСкнатото знаСњС ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈjΠ°Ρ‚Π°. Π‘Ρ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ совладаат ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈjΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ Π΄Π° присуствуваат Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ±ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π° освоjΠ°Ρ‚ Π½Π°jΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Ρ€ΠΎj ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ со Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° повисока ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π‘Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π²Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌΠΎΡ‚ ќС ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ корист Π½Π° студСнтитС ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ќС прСтставува Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π° основа Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° наставна ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎj ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚.   ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ„. Π΄-Ρ€ ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎ Бпироски Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠΏjΠ΅, Π½ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ²Ρ€ΠΈ 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½

    ΠΠΠΠ›Π˜Π—Π НА Π‘Π›Π£Π§ΠΠ˜ ΠžΠ” Π˜ΠœΠ£ΠΠžΠ›ΠžΠ“Π˜ΠˆΠΠ’Π

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    One of the most important goals of the modernization of Medical Faculties in the European Union is the unification of basic knowledge from pre-clinical courses with clinical judgment and that as early as possible (even in the first semester). In that sense, various novelties are introduced in the contents of the subjects and their connection in logical units. The main weight that immunology has as a subject for medical students is how to master the many types of cells and their specific ratios, the even greater number of immunological mechanisms, and especially the fitting of that knowledge into immunological deviations. The most important goal of the immunology course is to enable medical students to think immunologically so that they can successfully apply immunological knowledge when they encounter a specific clinical condition. This is achieved by analyzing immunology cases in order to explain basic immunological knowledge to students and specifically relate it to clinical practice. In clinical courses, immunological case presentations are used where students are introduced to the clinical approach in solving specific immunological diseases, starting from anamnesis, family history, current condition, clinical examinations, laboratory and other diagnostic examinations, differential diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and forecast. In this book, already published analyses of immunology cases are selected from the highest quality books used for that purpose in the world, grouped into seven blocks of two cases each, as provided in the Immunology Practicum. The names of the cases are invented so that students can remember them more easily. Although I expect reactions to this approach to the education of medical students by clinically oriented teachers, I believe that this book will be well received by students and that it will encourage the writing of similar and better textbooks with this approach for other subjects at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje.   Prof. Dr Mirko Spiroski October, 2007Π•Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Европската Унија Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ знаСња ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈ со ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ΠΎ (ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ сСмСстар). Π’ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°Π° смисла сС Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ содрТинитС Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ја ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ Π·Π° студСнтитС ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° сС совладаат ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ спСцифични соодноси, ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ, Π° особСно Π²ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ знаСња Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π°ΠΏΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°. ΠΠ°Ρ˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½Π° Ρ†Π΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ оспособи студСнтитС ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π° размислуваат Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сознанија ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ќС сС срСтнат со ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π±Π°. Π’ΠΎΠ° сС постигнува со Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° случаи ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π½Π° студСнтитС Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ сС ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ знаСња ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Ρ‚ со ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° пракса. Π’ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈ сС користат ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ случаи ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ студСнтитС сС Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π°Ρ‚ со ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡœΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π°, Ρ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π°, сСгашна ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π±Π°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°, лабораториски ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π° дијагноза, Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅, Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° сС ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ вСќС објавСни Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π° случаи ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ сС користат Π·Π° Ρ‚Π°Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ свСтот, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ сСдум Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° случаи, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π˜ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΌ. Π˜ΠΌΠΈΡšΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° случаитС сС измислСни Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ студСнтитС полСсно Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚. Иако ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° студСнтитС ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ страна Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ наставници, Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Π²Π° ќС Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ„Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ студСнтитС ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Π°Π° ќС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° слични ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ со Π²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ БкопјС.   ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ„. Π΄-Ρ€ ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎ Бпироски ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ²Ρ€ΠΈ, 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½

    Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms with Chronic Obstructive

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    The aim of this study was to examine the association of 22 cytokine gene polymorphism in Macedonians with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The sample of the population comprised of 301 normal respondents and 62 patients with COPD. Cytokine genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP). Positive (susceptible) association was found between patient with COPD and IL-1Ξ± -889/C allele; where as negative (protective) association among was found for the following alleles IL-1Ξ² +3962/C; IL-12B -1188/A; IFNΞ³ +874/T; IL-2 -330/G; IL-4 -1098/G and IL-4-33/C. We found positive (susceptible) association between patients with COPD and following genotypes: IL4 -33/T:T; IFNΞ³ +874/A:A; IL-4 -1098/T:T ; IL-1Ξ± -889/C:C; IL-1Ξ² +3962/C:T; IL-12B -1188/C:C; IL-4RΞ± +1902/G:G; IL-10 -1082/G:G; IL-2 -330/T:T; IL-4 -590/C:C; and IL-1Ξ± -889/C:T. Negative (protective) association between patients with COPD and following genotypes was found: IFNΞ³ +874/A:T; IL-4 -33/C:T; IL-4 -1098/G:T; IL-2 -330/G:T; IL-1Ξ² +3962/C:T; IL-4 -590/C:T; IL-10 -1082/A:G; and IL-4 -33/C:C. Positive (susceptible) association between patients with COPD and following haplotypes was found: IL-4/TCT; IL-10/ATC; and IL-2/TG, and negative (protective) association was found between the patients with COPD and haplotypes for: IL-4/TTC; and IL-4/GCC. It could be concluded that several cytokine polymorphisms are positively (susceptible), or negatively (protective) associated with COPD in Macedonians
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