Frecuencia de infección del tracto urinario en lactantes con fiebre, sin foco infeccioso evidente, que consultan a la Unidad Vida Infantil de la Universidad de Antioquia del Hospital Francisco Valderrama, Turbo (Antioquia) Frequency of urinary tract infections in febrile infants without evidence of an infectious source. from the clinic of the Unidad Vida Infantil of the University of Antioquia, Hospital Francisco Valderrama, Turbo, Colombia.

NTRODUCCIÓN: se ha documentado que en los niños las infecciones del tracto urinario son una causa frecuente de fiebre sin causa aparente. De acuerdo con los resultados de algunas investigaciones, la prevalencia está entre 4 y 13%. Las infecciones urinarias en los niños, en especial en los menores de dos años, se asocian con mayor incidencia de reflujo vesicoureteral y compromiso de parénquima renal. Por lo anterior, los niños con infección urinaria requieren especial atención con el fin de prevenir cicatrices renales, hipertensión arterial e insuficiencia renal crónica. OBJETIVO: establecer la frecuencia de infección urinaria en lactantes febriles menores de dos años de edad atendidos en la Unidad Vida Infantil de la Universidad de Antioquia y en el Hospital Francisco Valderrama de Turbo Antioquia, entre el 1º de febrero de 2003 y el 31 de enero de 2004. MÉTODOS: se incluyeron cincuenta niños menores de 24 meses de edad con fiebre sin causa aparente, entendiéndose como tal una enfermedad febril aguda en la que no se encuentra la causa luego de anamnesis y examen físico cuidadosos. Se realizaron los siguientes exámenes de laboratorio: leucograma, sedimentación, tirilla en orina para detectar estearasa leucocitaria y nitritos, uroanálisis (UA) (leucocitos en orina por mm3), tinción de gram de una gota de orina sin centrifugar, uroanálisis microscópico (leucocitos y bacterias por campo de alto poder) y urocultivo cuantitativo (se consideró positivo cuando se encontraron más de 10.000 unidades formadoras de colonias, UFC, por ml). Todas las muestras de orina se obtuvieron por sonda vesical. Para cada una de las pruebas se determinó la sensibilidad, la especificidad y el valor predictivo positivo y negativo. RESULTADOS: la frecuencia de infección urinaria (crecimiento de más de 10.000 UFC de un patógeno urinario por ml) fue 10%. La edad promedio fue siete meses. La mayoría de los niños con infección urinaria tenía anorexia, irritabilidad, malestar general y vómito. Los parámetros de laboratorio más específicos fueron tinción de gram positiva (cualquier bacteria) y piuria (>10 leucocitos por campo de alto poder). Todas las infecciones urinarias fueron causadas por Escherichia coli. Los antibiogramas mostraron sensibilidad disminuida al trimetroprim sulfa y a la ampicilina. CONCLUSIONES: la infección urinaria es una causa frecuente de síndrome febril agudo sin causa aparente en lactantes, en Turbo, Antioquia. En tales casos, los médicos deben ordenar un UA (leucocitos y bacterias por campo de ato poder) y tinción de gram. Si los resultados de estas pruebas son positivas, debe hacerse urocultivo. En este estudio las cepas de Escherichia coli identificadas mostraron resistencia a antibióticos frecuentemente utilizados. BACKGROUND: in infants, it has been documented that urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common cause of the acute febrile syndrome without apparent source for the fever. According to the results of some research, the prevalence of UTI varies between 4% and 13%. In infants, especially those under the age of 2 years, UTI are associated with an increased incidence of vesicoureteral reflux and renal parenchymal involvement. Moreover, this group of patients with UTI require special attention in order to prevent renal scarring, hypertension and chronic renal failure. OBJECTIVE: to establish the prevalence rate of UTI in febrile infants under 24 months of age, admitted to the Vida Infantil” Department of the University of Antioquia and the Francisco Valderrama Hospital in Turbo, Antioquia, (Colombia), from February 1st, 2003 through January 31st, 2004. METHODS: a total of 50 children under 24 months of age who had been admitted to the aforementioned Department were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients had fever the cause of which was not definitely known. The following laboratory tests were performed: white blood cell total and differential count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), urine dipstick tests for leukocyte esterase and nitrites, urinalysis (UA) (urine white blood cell count/mm3), gram stain in a drop of uncentrifuged urine, microscopic UA (white blood cells and bacteria per high-powered field), and quantitative urine culture (positive urine results were defined as ³104 colony-forming units of an urinary tract pathogen per mL). All urine specimens were obtained by urethral catheterization. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy likelihood ratios were determined for each one of the screening tests. RESULTS: overall prevalence of UTI (growth of >104 CFU of an urinary tract pathogen per mL) was 10%. Average age was 7 months. Most children with UTI had anorexia, irritability, general malaise, and vomiting. The most specific laboratory parameters were urine positive gram stain (any bacteria), and pyuria (>10 WBC/high-powered field). All urinary tract infections were caused by Escherichia coli. Isolates of this urinary pathogen showed decreased susceptibility to trimetoprimsulfametoxasole, as well as resistance to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: UTI is a frequent cause of the acute febrile syndrome without apparent source for the fever in infants of Turbo, Antioquia. In such cases, particularly when there are not specific clinical signs or symptoms, physicians should take this disease into consideration, and order an UA (white blood cells and bacteria per high-powered field), and gram stain. If results of these tests are positive, an urine culture becomes necessary. In our study, E. coli isolates showed significant resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics

Anestesiología : apuntes para el médico general

En su tercera edición, este libro mantiene su foco en las temáticas de la práctica de la Anestesia que son de utilidad para el médico general. Esta versión ha actualizado varios de los capítulos, cuyos conceptos serán fundamentales para lograr objetivos, tales como el manejo de la vía aérea, el abordaje para la evaluación y el tratamiento del dolor agudo, el manejo de la volemia en el perioperatorioy la valoración preanestésica, entre otros. Además, se han incluido nuevos capítulos con la participación de todo el equipo de profesores de Anestesiología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, entre los que se encuentran el manejo inicial de ritmos cardíacos anormales, reanimación cardiopulmonar en pediatría, la bioética de la reanimación cardiopulmonar, el abordaje del dolor crónico y los conceptos básicos de ultrasonido enfocado, por mencionar solamente algunos de ellos.Bogot

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society