Issued as a Part of Progress Report No. 14 of The Investigation of Prestressed Reinforced Concrete for Highway Bridges; Project IHR-10, Illinois Cooperative Highway Research Program

The Bureau of Public Roads. U.S. Department of CommerceThe Division of Highways. State of Illinois

Mass and charge transport in micro and nano-fluidic channels

We consider laminar flow of incompressible electrolytes in long, straight channels driven by pressure and electro-osmosis. We use a Hilbert space eigenfunction expansion to address the general problem of an arbitrary cross section and obtain general results in linear-response theory for the mass and charge transport coefficients which satisfy Onsager relations. In the limit of non-overlapping Debye layers the transport coefficients are simply expressed in terms of parameters of the electrolyte as well as the hydraulic radius R=2A/P with A and P being the cross-sectional area and perimeter, respectively. In articular, we consider the limits of thin non-overlapping as well as strongly overlapping Debye layers, respectively, and calculate the corrections to the hydraulic resistance due to electro-hydrodynamic interactions.Comment: Invited paper presented at the Second International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Micro and Nanodevices, Il Ciocco Hotel and Conference Center, Barga, Italy, 11-15 June 2006. Accepted for publication in a special issue of Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering (Taylor & Francis

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles

Genome-wide association analyses identify 123 susceptibility loci for migraine and implicate neurovascular mechanisms in its pathophysiology. Subtype analyses highlight risk loci specific for migraine with or without aura in addition to shared risk variants.Migraine affects over a billion individuals worldwide but its genetic underpinning remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study of 102,084 migraine cases and 771,257 controls and identified 123 loci, of which 86 are previously unknown. These loci provide an opportunity to evaluate shared and distinct genetic components in the two main migraine subtypes: migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Stratification of the risk loci using 29,679 cases with subtype information indicated three risk variants that seem specific for migraine with aura (in HMOX2, CACNA1A and MPPED2), two that seem specific for migraine without aura (near SPINK2 and near FECH) and nine that increase susceptibility for migraine regardless of subtype. The new risk loci include genes encoding recent migraine-specific drug targets, namely calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALCA/CALCB) and serotonin 1F receptor (HTR1F). Overall, genomic annotations among migraine-associated variants were enriched in both vascular and central nervous system tissue/cell types, supporting unequivocally that neurovascular mechanisms underlie migraine pathophysiology.Clinical epidemiolog

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

Paroxysmal Cerebral Disorder

Regulatory effects of water temperature on Loma salmonae (Microspora) development in rainbow trout

Four trials were performed to evaluate the effects of water temperature on critical aspects of L. salmonae development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The permissive water temperature range in which xenomas developed was between 9 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Parasite development was arrested at temperatures outside this range, as indicated by the absence of visible xenomas among exposed fish. In addition, when these trout were subsequently moved to temperatures within the permissive range, xenomas failed to develop. Water temperature, within the permissive range, had no significant effect on either the number of xenomas that formed or the proportion of fish that developed xenomas following gastric intubation with a standard dose of spores. The relationship between water temperature and xenoma onset-time was best described by polynomial regression analysis: onset = 320 - 33.4T + 0.9547Tsuperscript 2, where T is temperature ( degrees C). Xenoma onset rate was also described through a modified degree-days model, yielding a predictive equation appropriate for use under conditions of fluctuating temperature. The thermal units, expressed as days x ( degrees C above 7 degrees C) necessary for xenoma onset were 298.6 on average. Xenoma dissolution rates, from the time of onset, also appeared to have a trend; more rapid dissolution occurred as temperatures increased. However, this trend correlated minimally with regression models.

Accuracy Assessment of High-Degree Geopotential Models in Peninsular Malaysia

The selection of the accurate geoid model is essential for geoid determination in specific regions. Many improvements to the basic theory of more reliable data are available for numerical modelling studies. All of the innovations have led to the development of a sequence of global geopotential models of increasing spherical harmonic degree and order and the resolution of the geopotential models. There are hundreds of geopotential models that can be downloaded in ICGEM. All geopotential ICGEM models have accuracy and resolution based on the degree and order of spherical harmonic coefficients. This study has two high-degree geopotential models: the latest one, XGM2019e_2159, and another geopotential model, EGM2008. The accuracy evaluation of two geopotential models needs to be evaluated based on terrestrial gravity data and existing GPS points data to choose which geopotential model is the best-fit geopotential models with different degrees and order in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients using the Root Mean Square method. The statistical analysis of the geopotential model derived based on the existing GPS points shows that the degree and order 720 for XGM2019e_2019 are the best-fit geopotential models in Peninsular Malaysia. The result also indicates that the gravity anomaly derived from EGM2008 with the maximum degree and order of 2190 regarding the spherical harmonic coefficient is the most accurate geoid model that can be used as a reference over Peninsular Malaysia. Overall, it can be concluded that XGM2019e_2019 and EGM2008 are the best-fit geopotential models for Peninsular Malaysia.</p