PHYSICAL EDUCATION FORMATION WITH IN BORDERS OF MODERN UKRAINE IN THE MIDDL E AGES

The article is dedicated to the investigation of physical education formation in Kievan Rus. The work outlines the worldview aspects of body-building, reveals the essence of healthy lifestyle in written documents of the IX–XIV centuries. Different means (folk games, dances, entertainments, fist fights, wrestling, exercises with objects, exercises using means of movement, natural locomotion) and forms (folk, religious, educational, military-physical, competitive) of physical education in Kievan Rus are presented in the article. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, ancient chronicles, ethnographic records, archaeological finds, folklore materials and own research results, we defined the fallowing peculiarities of the functioning of physical education in Kievan Rus: the connection of physical education with the outlook, way of life and place of people residence; interpenetration of inter-ethnic elements of physical education; interconnection of festive-gaming activity and military physical training; gradual transition to organized forms of physical education. In the literary documents of the IX–XIV centuries of the Kievan Rus the issue of healthy lifestyle was described. It ensured the training of young people in labor and military activities. «Pouchenia» by Volodymyr Monomakh provides a universal system for the education of young people, which includes productive labor activity, mental health, motor activity, hardening, rational nutrition, and personal hygiene. Means of physical education in Kievan Rus are divided into three main groups: physical exercises, natural forces, and hygiene factors. Physical exercises were divided into subgroups, depending on the specifics of motor activity: folk games, dancing and entertainment, fist fights and fighting, exercises with objects, exercises using means of movement. The forms of physical education in Kyivan Rus were formed due to the outlook, customs and way of life of the population. The results of the study made it possible to determine the following forms: folk, religious, educational, adventure, military-physical preparation

THE ATTITUDE OF THE CLERGY TOWARDS THE BODILY NURTURE AND PLAYING ENTERTAINMENTS IN THE PERIOD OF THE ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY

Man in his education always tries to combine the mind, spirituality and the body. But in different historical times the essence of the man and his destination in the society was interpreted differently. The appearance and development of the ancient period gave a boost to the spiritual development and the struggle against the bodily upbringing. The man of that period was revealed as a spiritual person, but not as a natural and bodily being. That is why the question of the attitude of the church and the clergy to corporaleducation upbringing and playing entertainments is to be understood. Objective of the research: history of the physical nurture in the first half of the first millennium. Taskofresearch: on the basis of the analysis of the scientific, theoretical and methodological literature to show the views of the first church fathers of the period of the development of the ancient Christianity on the life of the person and their attitude to the body improvement and game entertainments. Results of the Work. The world view reference-points of influence of the church and clergy on the human of the period of the Christianity are exposed in this article. Opinions of the first fathers of the church about the destiny of a man are expounded. It is studied, how the clerics affected the human consciousness by their speeches, treatises and actions. The negative attitude of the clergymen to the corporal perfection and to the playing entertainments is thoroughly considered. The attitude of the clergy is shown towards calendar holidays with games and mass competitions in amphitheaters and the arenas of the circus. The attempt of the church to provide ideological prohibition to engage in physical exercises and in playing entertainments and participate in spectacles is reflected. Conclusions.In the ancient period the church and clergy gradually gained the influence in the society. By their public speeches and dogmas they affected the human consciousness. Conquering political rights, the church successively introduced a ban of physical exercises, entertainments and competitions. As a result, the connection of the physical and mental upbringing was broken. The man was considered by the church only as a spiritual creature and the essence of the man was not taken into account at all

Neuropsychological Support for Teaching Young School-Age Children Annotation

The article is devoted to the problems of neuropsychological support of the educational process in elementary school, prevention possible disorders of primary school children’s mental processes and neuropsychological correction of difficulties in their learning. The neuropsychological causes of school failure are generalized (summarized). The methods of correctional and developmental education of elementary school children with specific neuropsychological features are analyzed. Neuropsychological factors of educational failure, particulary left-handed children and psychophysiological principles of special children’s psychological and pedagogical support in an inclusive environment are described. Organizational-didactic, diagnostic and correctional conditions of individual neuropsychological support of elementary school education are analyzed. A correctional and developmental program for neuropsychological diagnostics and correction of young schoolchildren’s educational failure is developed. The neuropsychological approach to the psychological and pedagogical supervision of first-grade pupils, taking into account their learning success, the level of communicative skills development and cognitive mental processes are come near.</p

Mental and Pedagogical Techniques in Teaching Children with Special Educational Needs: Neuropedagogical Aspect

The relevance of the topic is in characterizing the neuropedagogical aspect of mental and pedagogical techniques in teaching children with special educational needs. The article contains the theoretical analysis of the elaborations on this topic, the definition of the concept «inclusive education», the chief principles of teaching students with limited capabilities; the neuropedagogical aspect of mental and pedagogical techniques in teaching children with special educational needs. The understanding of the concept of inclusive education has been studied, the literary sources on this topic have been summarized. On the basis of the findings it has been concluded that it is essential to critically review traditional approaches in the neuropedagogical aspect of mental and pedagogical techniques in teaching children with special educational needs. The author of the article remarks that in the context of vocational training for teachers' educational activity there might be efficient the techniques of teaching children with special educational needs, contributing to the better integration of children with special educational needs into the educational process. The system forming foundation of the inclusion is the postulate of acknowledging the capabilities of each student. Consequently, educational process must be arranged so that fully reveal the educational needs of each child.</p

The Experimental Study of the Efficiency of the Gasification Process of the Fast-Growing Willow Biomass in a Downdraft Gasifier

In this work, a study was performed on the influence of the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone of a small-size downdraft gasifier as well as of the fuel fraction sizes on the gas quality (the quality was evaluated for CO content). The ratio of a full side area to the volume of a fuel fraction (SVR) was used as a fuel parameter. The maximum CO concentration was observed when using a small fuel fraction with SVR—0.7–0.72 mm−1 and when adhering to the ratio of height to the diameter of the reduction zone H/D—0.5–0.6. The maximum electric power for gasoline generators (nominal power equaled 4 kW) when using the gas received from the fast-growing hybrid willow biomass equaled 2.4 kW. This power is 37.5% lower than when using gasoline and 7.0% lower than when using the gas received from the hardwood biomass. The emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere by the gasoline generator engine equaled 0.12–0.14% CO and 24–27 mln−1 CxHy. The emissions were 64.8 times less for CO and 8.5 times less for CxHy when compared with using gasoline

Evolution of Speech and Game Communication

У статті розглянуто досягнення мовно-ігрового спілкування як продукта еволюції суспільно-історичної комунікації в грі від прадавніх людей до сучасної людини. Описано види мовного спілкування, якими користуються тварини і людина для сприйняття й швидкої мовно-рухової відповіді в грі. Ідеться про надбання суспільством за допомогою еволюції якості мовно-ігрової культури спілкування й поєднання різних видів спілкування в ігровій культурі. Увагу сфокусовано на якості культури спілкування в грі, видовищності та збереженні здоров’я гравців і суддів. Наголошено, що ігрова мова спілкування є носієм норм поведінки й дотримання правил гри незалежно від статусу, який людина займає в суспільстві. Відображено реалізацію мовно-ігрового спілкування через систему мовних знаків. Показано становлення регламентації мовно-ігрових відносин у загальній історії людства. Розкрито комунікативну, регуляційну та програмуючу функції гри. The article highlights the achievements of speech and game communication as the product of evolution of socio-historical communication in a game from ancient people to a modern man. Types of speech communication used by animals and people for perception and quick speech-motor response in a game are described. It is mentioned about obtaining of speech and game culture and combination of different types of communication in the game culture by means of society’s evolution. The author focuses his attention on quality of communication culture, staginess and health preservation of the players and judges. It is noted that game communication language is a carrier of norms of behavior and adherence to the rules of a game regardless of person’s social status. Realization of speech and game communication through the system of language signs is reflected in the article. Formation of regulations of speech and game relations in the whole history of mankind is considered. Communicative, regulatory and programming functions of a game are revealed

A Theoretical Model of the Gasification Rate of Biomass and Its Experimental Confirmation

The gasification rate of fuel, biomass gasification in particular, is an important parameter which is worth considering in the process of creating a gasifier with a continuous operation process. The gasification of biomass is a complex thermochemical process. The theoretical and practical studies of the gasification rate of biomass are complicated because of a high thermochemical rate of reactions in the functioning zones of a gasifier. The complexity of the study prevents the achievement of the required accuracy of the analytical model of the gasification rate of biomass. The known theoretical models of the gasification rate only partially describe the dynamics of the gasification rate of biomass. Moreover, most scientific studies are focused on establishing the effects of gasifier parameters and the gasification process on the quality indicators of the received gas but not on the gasification rate of fuel. To build an accurate model of the gasification rate the authors propose a series of experimental studies in a well-defined range of the parameters of a gasifier. The paper suggests a simple mathematical model of the gasification rate of biomass, which is proportional to the amount of plant biomass that remained non-gasified. The coefficients of the gasification rate for straw pellets, wood pellets and wood in pieces have been determined. Under a minimal air supply into an active zone of a gasifier (0.00088 m3/s) a coefficient of gasification rate is nearly the same for the test fuel materials and it differs by 4.7% between wood pellets and straw pellets. When the air supply increases, the gap between the coefficients increases as well and it reaches 9.44 × 10−5 c−1 for wood pellets, 1.05 × 10−4 c−1 for straw pellets and 8.64 × 10−5 c−1 for wood in pieces under air supply into an active zone of a gas generator of 0.01169 m3/s. Straw pellets have the highest gasification rate and wood in pieces has the lowest gasification rate

Тестові завдання для вступників. Англійська мова

“Тестові завдання для вступників. Англійська мова” є типовими завданнями, що складені для виявлення рівня знань абітурієнтів, які вступають до Волинського державного університету імені Лесі Українки. Запропоновані зразки тестів згруповані у чотири розділи, систематизовані за тематикою (лексичні, граматичні, лексико-семантичні види роботи) та характером завдань (блочні та неблочні завдання). Вони пов’язані з визначенням обсягу мовного матеріалу і точності володіння лінгвістичними елементами, тобто визначенням рівня сформованості мовних умінь та навичок. Тести, що передбачають роботу із тематичними групами, виявляють ступінь володіння лексико-семантичним матеріалом. Комплексні текстові завдання спрямовані на виявлення здатності абітурієнтів до когнітивно-мовленнєвої діяльності, перевіряють не лише розуміння загальної ідеї тексту, країнознавчого матеріалу, а й уміння визначити значення слова за його контекстом. Група завдань на фразові дієслова вимагає знань типових значень дієслів найуживанішої семантики та відповідних їм фразових дієслів, зміна значень яких зумовлена семантикою постпозитивів. Тести на знаходження лексичної або граматичної помилки перевіряють рівень сформованості лексико-граматичних навичок і є завданнями альтернативного характеру. Вони доповнюються завданнями множинного вибору (вибір із кількох запропонованих варіантів правильного закінчення речень або правильного твердження). Лексичний матеріал тестів не обмежено лише активним мінімумом середньої школи, він передбачає також знання та використання пасивного словникового складу. Авторами враховано принцип комунікативної спрямованості завдань, що дає змогу визначити вміння абітурієнтів користуватися правилами комунікації, комунікативними кліше і лінгвокраїнознавчими реаліями. Тестові завдання складено відповідно до типових програм для середніх загальноосвітніх шкіл України, а також згідно з програмами з іноземних мов для вступників у вищі навчальні заклади та рекомендовано як для абітурієнтів нефахових факультетів (розділи 1–3), так і для абітурієнтів, які складають вступний іспит з англійської мови як основної дисципліни вибраного фаху (розділи 2–4)