The Estimation of Losses of the Russian Economy from Population Migration to Developed Countries in 2000-2017

The problem of emigration of Russian citizens to other countries remained quite acute during 2000-2017. This poses a threat to national security, as there are many economically active young people with a high level of education among the emigrants. Therefore, it is required a comprehensive study of these processes and the creation of conditions for the preservation of human capital in Russia. The authors developed a methodology for assessing the losses of the Russian economy in value terms as a result of emigration of citizens abroad. It is based on the determination of the 'cost' of human life and the individualization of this indicator in accordance with the level of economic development of the host country and with the subjective factors of the emigrant, as well as in specifying the number of citizens who left the Russian Federation in accordance with the official data of foreign migration services. As a result of the calculations, it was determined that the losses of the Russian economy from this phenomenon for the period 2000-2017 amounted to more than 545.85 billion USD. Such a situation is unacceptable in the conditions of the country's unfolding competition with other states for the positions of leaders in the new industrial revolution. It is necessary to carry out systematic work to reduce the scale of outgoing flows of international labour migration from Russia

Широкополосный волноводно-микрополосковый переход зондового типа миллиметрового диапазона длин волн

Introduction. Increased data rate in modern communication systems can be achieved by raising the operational frequency to millimeter wave range where wide transmission bands are available. In millimeter wave communication systems, the passive components of the antenna feeding system, which are based on hollow metal waveguides, and active elements of the radiofrequency circuit, which have an interface constructed on planar printed circuit boards (PCB) are interconnected using waveguide-to-microstrip transition.Aim. To design and investigate a high-performance wideband and low loss waveguide-to-microstrip transition dedicated to the 60 GHz frequency range applications that can provide effective transmission of signals between the active components of the radiofrequency circuit and the passive components of the antenna feeding systemMaterials and methods. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations in the CST Microwave Studio software were used to estimate the impact of the substrate material and metal foil on the characteristics of printed structures and to calculate the waveguide-to-microstrip transition characteristics. The results were confirmed via experimental investigation of fabricated wideband transition samples using a vector network analyzer Results. The probe-type transition consist of a PCB fixed between a standard WR-15 waveguide and a back-short with a simple structure and the same cross-section. The proposed transition also includes two through-holes on the PCB in the center of the transition area on either side of the probe. A significant part of the lossy PCB dielectric is removed from that area, thus providing wideband and low-loss performance of the transition without any additional matching elements. The design of the transition was adapted for implementation on the PCBs made of two popular dielectric materials RO4350B and RT/Duroid 5880. The results of full-wave simulation and experimental investigation of the designed waveguide to microstrip transition are presented. The transmission bandwidth for reflection coefficient S11 < –10 dB is in excess of 50…70 GHz. The measured insertion loss for a single transition is 0.4 and 0.7 dB relatively for transitions based on RO4350B and RT/Duroid 5880.Conclusion. The proposed method of insertion loss reduction in the waveguide-to-microstrip transition provides effective operation due to reduction of the dielectric substrate portion in the transition region for various high-frequency PCB materials. The designed waveguide-to -microstrip transition can be considered as an effective solution for interconnection between the waveguide and microstrip elements of the various millimeter-wave devices dedicated for the 60 GHz frequency range applications.Введение. Для увеличения скорости передачи данных в современных системах беспроводной радиосвязи необходимо существенное расширение полосы частот передаваемых сигналов, что возможно за счет увеличения рабочей частоты до миллиметрового диапазона. В системах радиосвязи миллиметрового диапазона соединение пассивных элементов антенно-фидерного тракта, реализованных на металлических волноводах, и активных элементов радиочастотного тракта, имеющих интерфейс на основе микрополосковых линий, осуществляется с помощью волноводно-микрополоскового перехода (ВМПП).Цель работы. Разработка и исследование широкополосного ВМПП для частотного диапазона 60 ГГц с низким уровнем потерь для эффективной передачи сигналов между активными элементами радиочастотного тракта и пассивными элементами антенного тракта.Материалы и методы. Оценка влияния материала подложки и свойств металлической фольги на характеристики печатных структур и расчет характеристик разработанного перехода выполнены с помощью электродинамического моделирования в системе автоматизированного проектирования CST Microwave Studio и подтверждены результатами экспериментального исследования изготовленных образцов широкополосного волноводно-микрополоскового перехода на векторном анализаторе цепей.Результаты. Разработанный ВМПП основан на использовании проводящего зонда, реализованного на печатной плате, закрепленной между стандартным подводящим волноводом WR15 и четвертьволновой заглушкой того же сечения. Для уменьшения потерь в переходе на печатной плате выполнены сквозные неметаллизированные отверстия, симметрично расположенные вокруг зонда для уменьшения доли диэлектрика печатной платы в волноводном канале. По результатам экспериментального исследования изготовленных макетов переходов, реализованных на печатных платах, выполненных из материалов RO4350B и RT/Duroid 5880 производства компании "Rogers", было получено, что переход согласован по уровню коэффициента отражения S11 <-10 дБ в полосе частот 50...70 ГГц и обеспечивает потери на прохождение не более 0.4 и 0.7 дБ для материалов RT/Duroid 5880 и RO4350B соответственно.Заключение. Предложенный метод снижения потерь в волноводно-микрополосковом переходе осуществляется за счет уменьшения влияния диэлектрической подложки при использовании различных СВЧ-материалов печатных плат. Это позволяет рассматривать разработанный волноводно-микрополосковый переход как перспективный для соединения различных микрополосковых и волноводных устройств миллиметрового диапазона длин волн

Observation of electroweak production of two jets in association with an isolated photon and missing transverse momentum, and search for a Higgs boson decaying into invisible particles at 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents the measurement of the electroweak production of two jets in association with a $Z\gamma$ pair with the $Z$ boson decaying into two neutrinos. It also presents the search for invisible or partially invisible decays of a Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV produced through vector-boson fusion with a photon in the final state. These results use data from LHC proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. The event signature, shared by all benchmark processes considered for measurements and searches, is characterized by a significant amount of unbalanced transverse momentum and a photon in the final state, in addition to a pair of forward jets. For electroweak production of $Z\gamma$ in association with two jets, the background-only hypothesis is rejected with an observed (expected) significance of 5.2 (5.1) standard deviations. The measured fiducial cross-section for this process is 1.31$\pm$0.29 fb. Observed (expected) upper limit of 0.37 (0.34) at 95% confidence level is set on the branching ratio of a 125 GeV Higgs boson to invisible particles, assuming the Standard Model production cross-section. The signature is also interpreted in the context of decays of a Higgs boson to a photon and a dark photon. An observed (expected) 95% CL upper limit on the branching ratio for this decay is set at 0.018 (0.017), assuming the 125 GeV Standard Model Higgs boson production cross-section

The ATLAS inner detector trigger performance in pp collisions at 13 TeV during LHC Run 2

The design and performance of the inner detector trigger for the high level trigger of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during the 2016-18 data taking period is discussed. In 2016, 2017, and 2018 the ATLAS detector recorded 35.6 fb$^{-1}$, 46.9 fb$^{-1}$, and 60.6 fb$^{-1}$ respectively of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. In order to deal with the very high interaction multiplicities per bunch crossing expected with the 13 TeV collisions the inner detector trigger was redesigned during the long shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider from 2013 until 2015. An overview of these developments is provided and the performance of the tracking in the trigger for the muon, electron, tau and $b$-jet signatures is discussed. The high performance of the inner detector trigger with these extreme interaction multiplicities demonstrates how the inner detector tracking continues to lie at the heart of the trigger performance and is essential in enabling the ATLAS physics programme

The ATLAS inner detector trigger performance in pp collisions at 13 TeV during LHC Run 2

The design and performance of the inner detector trigger for the high level trigger of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during the 2016-18 data taking period is discussed. In 2016, 2017, and 2018 the ATLAS detector recorded 35.6 fb$^{-1}$, 46.9 fb$^{-1}$, and 60.6 fb$^{-1}$ respectively of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. In order to deal with the very high interaction multiplicities per bunch crossing expected with the 13 TeV collisions the inner detector trigger was redesigned during the long shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider from 2013 until 2015. An overview of these developments is provided and the performance of the tracking in the trigger for the muon, electron, tau and $b$-jet signatures is discussed. The high performance of the inner detector trigger with these extreme interaction multiplicities demonstrates how the inner detector tracking continues to lie at the heart of the trigger performance and is essential in enabling the ATLAS physics programme

Effects of structure-dynamics correlation on hierarchical transitions in heterogeneous oscillatory networks

The impact of frequency-degree and amplitude-degree correlation is studied for heterogeneous networks of coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators. It is shown that increasing coupling strength gives rise to hierarchical processes of oscillation quenching. In case of frequency-degree correlated networks, higher-frequency oscillators gradually become almost quenched while low-frequency ones still remain oscillating. In case of amplitude-degree correlated networks, there appear three distinct domains, two contain low-amplitude oscillations with positive and negative means, and the third includes high-amplitude oscillations around the origin