Снижение дымности отработавших газов дизеля в условиях высокогорья

The problem of smoke reduction from exhaust gases and fuel gain in perfomance of diesel in high-mountain conditions is determined by addition a liquid state of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) into diesel fuel during the process of fuel injection. The physicochemical and motor properties of LPG make it possible for diesel to function with low air excess coefficient with reduced smoke emission and more high fuel economy.Проблема снижения дымности ОГ и повышения экономичности дизеля в условиях высокогорья может решаться добавкой к дизельному топливу жидкой фазы сжиженного углеводородного газа (СУГ) - пропан-бутана топливного. Физико-химические и моторные свойства СУГ позволяют сохранить допустимый уровень дымности ОГ при коэффициенте избытка воздуха более низком, чем в традиционном дизеле в тех же условиях, а, следовательно, частично компенсировать «высокогорные» потери мощности, экономичности и экологичности двигателя. Работа проведена в рамках договора о научно-техническом сотрудничестве между университетами РФ и Перу

Снижение дымности отработавших газов дизеля в условиях высокогорья

The problem of smoke reduction from exhaust gases and fuel gain in perfomance of diesel in high-mountain conditions is determined by addition a liquid state of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) into diesel fuel during the process of fuel injection. The physicochemical and motor properties of LPG make it possible for diesel to function with low air excess coefficient with reduced smoke emission and more high fuel economy.Проблема снижения дымности ОГ и повышения экономичности дизеля в условиях высокогорья может решаться добавкой к дизельному топливу жидкой фазы сжиженного углеводородного газа (СУГ) - пропан-бутана топливного. Физико-химические и моторные свойства СУГ позволяют сохранить допустимый уровень дымности ОГ при коэффициенте избытка воздуха более низком, чем в традиционном дизеле в тех же условиях, а, следовательно, частично компенсировать «высокогорные» потери мощности, экономичности и экологичности двигателя. Работа проведена в рамках договора о научно-техническом сотрудничестве между университетами РФ и Перу

Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy with Monomeric Allergoid in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a widespread and difficult to treat allergic skin disease and is a tough challenge for healthcare. In this study, we investigated whether allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) with a monomeric allergoid obtained by succinylation of ovalbumin (sOVA) is effective in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. An experimental model of AD was reproduced by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). ASIT was performed with subcutaneous (SC) administration of increasing doses of OVA or sOVA. The levels of anti-OVA antibodies, as well as cytokines, were detected by ELISA. Skin samples from patch areas were taken for histologic examination. ASIT with either OVA or sOVA resulted in a reduction of both the anti-OVA IgE level and the IgG1/IgG2a ratio. Moreover, ASIT with sOVA increased the IFN-γ level in supernatants after splenocyte stimulation with OVA. Histologic analysis of skin samples from the sites of allergen application showed that ASIT improved the histologic picture by decreasing allergic inflammation in comparison with untreated mice. These data suggest that ASIT with a succinylated allergen represents promising approach for the treatment of AD

Level of Foxp3 expression.

<p>The specific mRNAs in OVA-stimulated mice splenocytes (incubated with OVA for 72hrs) were quantified by qRT-PCR. The results are presented as mean mRNA expression (mean±SE, n = 8 for each). The relative levels of Foxp3 expression were calculated by referring to the HPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) in each sample. AD without ASIT: OVA-sensitized untreated mice; ASIT with OVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with OVA; ASIT with sOVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with sOVA; placebo: PBS-sensitized mice. *, p<0.05.</p

Analysis of OVA-specific IgG.

<p>The levels of antibodies in sera obtained before, during, and after ASIT were detected and quantified by ELISA. The results are presented as mean antibodies concentrations (mean±SE, n = 8 for each). AD without ASIT: OVA-sensitized untreated mice; ASIT with OVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with OVA; ASIT with sOVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with sOVA; placebo: PBS-sensitized mice. (a) anti-OVA IgG1 response in mice with ASIT, (b) anti-OVA IgG2a response in mice with ASIT, (c) anti-OVA IgG response in mice with ASIT, (d) ratio of OVA-specific IgG1/IgG2a antibody in mice with ASIT, (*, p<0.05)</p

Protocol of sensitization and ASIT with OVA or sOVA.

<p>Mice were sensitized with OVA (100 μg) or saline applied at 100 μl to a sterile patch. The patch was applied for 1-wk and then removed. ASIT was performed between the 1^st and 2^nd OVA applications by SC injection of increasing doses of OVA (a), sOVA (b), or PBS (as control). After ASIT, the mice had two 1-wk exposures to a patch separated by 2-wk intervals. The control group received PBS at the same time.</p

Levels of cytokines.

<p>The levels of cytokines in supernatants of OVA-stimulated mice splenocytes (incubated with OVA for 72hrs) were quantified by ELISA. The results are presented as mean IL concentration (mean±SE, n = 8 for each). AD without ASIT: OVA-sensitized untreated mice; ASIT with OVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with OVA; ASIT with sOVA: OVA-sensitized mice treated by ASIT with sOVA; placebo: PBS-sensitized mice. Level of (a) the IL-4, (b) IL-5, (c) IL-12, (d) IFN-γ, and (e) IL-17; (f) IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in mice with ASIT. *, p<0.05 versus “AD without ASIT”; **, p<0.05 versus “placebo”; #, p<0.05 versus “ASIT with OVA”.</p

Histologic features of OVA- and sOVA-treated skin sites in BALB/c mice.

<p>(a) Mice sensitized with OVA and treated with PBS (“AD without ASIT”), (b) mice sensitized with OVA and treated with OVA (“ASIT with OVA”), (c) mice sensitized with OVA and treated with sOVA (“ASIT with sOVA”), and (d) mice sensitized with PBS (“placebo”). Skin sections were stained with H&E and examined at 100x. Scale bars 100 μm. There is marked hyperplasia of the epidermis, a dermal infiltrate (a-c). The cellular infiltrate consists of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. (e) Summary index of the main assessment criteria for histologic skin lesions.</p