A társadalmak környezeti sebezhetősége, ellenálló- és alkalmazkodó képessége:a korai történelmi példáktól a sérülékenység globalizációjáig (Environmental vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capacities of societies: their historical examples and globalization)

Detailed phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275. 47 Q3-L275 samples and 1 Q1a-M346 outgroup. Constructed with the Phylomurka software using MP criteria, from the alignment obtained with read depth > = 2, base quality > = 15 and mapping quality > = 10, call rate = 60%. (XLSX 279 kb

Network representation of C1 HVR-I sequences in Mesolithic Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov and modern Eurasian populations.

<p>Each haplotype is represented by a circle, the area of which is proportional to the number of individuals that were found to carry this haplotype in the literature. The haplotypes are colour-coded according to their geographical location: India (black), Asia (dark grey), Lebanon (light grey), and Europe (white). Each section of the circles represents individuals sampled from a same population. Mutations are all substitutions and are reported according to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence minus 16000. The star represents the hypervariable region-I haplotype that characterizes the root of the C1 clade. The haplotype labeled ‘UZOO’ is the hypervariable region-I haplotype sequenced from individuals of the archaeological site of Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov. All the other haplotypes were found in modern populations.</p

Median joining phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C1 complete mitochondrial genomes.

<p>A haplogroup sequence L3 sequence was chosen as the root of the tree. Mutations are reported according to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence. “d” represents deletions. “i” represents insertions.</p

Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades in modern and Mesolithic Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov populations.

<p>Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades in modern and Mesolithic Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov populations.</p

Positions and nucleotide changes in the Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov C1f haplotype when compared to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence.

<p>Nucleotide changes in bold represent mutations in the Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov haplotype that are new within the C1 clade. Transitions are reported with upper case letters and transversions with lower case letters. “!” indicates a back mutation. np, nucleotide position. stdv, standard deviation.</p

Graphical representation and Akaike Information Criterions of the demographic models compared by coalescent simulation analyses.

<p>The timeline indicates the age of populations in generations (G). For models H0a to H0e, genetic continuity is tested between combinations of ancient populations and present-day populations of North East Europe (NEE) or Saami (saa), as indicated in the column ‘P₀’. For models H1a and H1b, genetic discontinuity between aUzPo or aBOO, and NEE is tested assuming a migration from Central Europe (CE). The percentage of migrants from the source population into the sink population (10%, 50% and 75%) is indicated in the column ‘%’. The cells containing Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values were colored according to the gradient of AIC represented below the figure: from white for the highest value of AIC (worst model fit, 199.1 for H0b) to red for the lowest value of AIC (best model fit, 81.9 for H0a).</p

Principal Component Analysis of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies.

<p>The first two dimensions account for 41.5% of the total variance. Grey arrows represent haplogroup loading vectors, i.e., the contribution of each haplogroup. Red dots represent ancient populations described in this study: aUzPo, Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov and Popovo (7,500 uncal. yBP); aBOO, Bol'shoy Oleni Ostrov (3,500 uncal. yBP). Other ancient populations were labeled as follows: aEG, Confederated nomads of the Xiongnu (4,250-2,300 yBP); aHG, Palaeolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Central/East Europe (4,250-30,000 yBP); aKAZ, Nomads from Kazakhstan (2,100–3,400 yBP); aKUR, Siberian Kurgans (1,600–3,800 yBP); aLBK, Neolithic individuals from Germany (7,000–7,500 yBP); aLOK, Lokomotiv Kitoi Neolithic individuals (6,130–7,140 yBP); aSP, Neolithic individuals from Spain (5,000–5,500 yBP); aPWC, Scandinavian Pitted-Ware Culture foragers (4,500–5,300 yBP); aUST, Ust'Ida Neolithic population (4,000–5,800 yBP). Extant populations were abbreviated as follows: ALB, Albanians; ale, Aleuts; alt, Altaians; ARM, Armenians; aro, Arorums; AUT, Austrians; AZE, Azerbaijani; BA, Bashkirs; bas, Basques; BEL, Belarusians; BGR, Bulgarians; BIH, Bosnians; BU, Buryats; CHE, Swiss; CHU, Chukchi; CU, Chuvashes; CYP, Cypriots; CZE, Czechs; DEU, Germans; esk, Eskimos; ESP, Spanish; EST, Estonians; eve, Evenks; evn, Evens; FIN, Finns; FRA, French; GBR, British; GEO, Georgians; GRC, Greeks; HRV, Croatians; HUN, Hungarians; ing, Ingrians; IRL, Irish; IRN, Iranians; IRQ, Iraqi; ISL, Icelanders; IT-88, Sardinians; ITA, Italians; JOR, Jordanians; kab, Kabardians; ket, Kets; kham, Khamnigans; khan, Khants; KK, Khakhassians; KO, Komi; kor, Koryaks; KR, Karelians; kur, Kurds; LTU, Lithuanians; LVA, Latvians; man, Mansi; ME, Mari; MNG, Mongolians; MO, Mordvinians; NEN_A, eastern Nenets; NEN_E, western Nenets; nga, Nganasans; niv, Nivkhs; nog, Nogays; NOR, Norwegians; POL, Poles; PRT, Portuguese; PSE, Palestinans; ROU, Romanians; RUS, Russians; SA, Yakuts; saa, Saami; SAU, Saudi Arabians; SE, Ossets; sel, Selkups; sho, Shors; SVK, Slovakians; SVN, Slovenians; SWE, Swedes; SYR, Syrians; TA, Tatars; tel, Telenghits; tof, Tofalars; tub, Tubalars; TUR, Turks; tuv, Tuvinians; UD, Udmurts; UKR, Ukrainians; ulc, Ulchi; vep, Vepses; yuk, Yukaghirs.</p

Relative model likelihood of the demographic models simulated in Bayesian Serial SimCoal, as indicated by Akaike weights ω.

<p>For each hypothesis tested, models are ordered from the least likely (lowest ω) to the most likely model (highest ω). NEE, North East Europe; CE, Central Europe.</p

Map of Eurasia showing the approximate location of ancient (uncalibrated dates) and present-day Eurasian samples.

<p>Red dots represent the archaeological sites sampled for ancient mitochondrial DNA in this study: aUZ, Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov; aPo, Popovo; aBOO, Bol'shoy Oleni Ostrov. Black circles represent ancient populations abbreviated as follows: aEG, Confederated nomads of the Xiongnu (2,200–2,300 yBP); aKAZ, Nomads from Kazakhstan (2,100–3,400 yBP); aKOS, Kostenski individual (30,000 yBP); aKUR, Siberian Kurgans (1,600–3,800 yBP); aLOK, Lokomotiv Kitoi Neolithic individuals (6,130–7,140 yBP); aPWC, Scandinavian Pitted-Ware Culture foragers (4,500–5,300 yBP); aUST, Ust'Ida Neolithic population (4,000–5,800 yBP). Smaller black dots signify the location of Palaeolithic/Mesolithic sites sampled for ancient mitochondrial DNA in aHG (4,250–15,400 yBP). Present-day populations are abbreviated as follows: alt, Altaians; BA, Bashkirs; BU, Buryats; CU, Chuvash; EST, Estonians; FIN, Finns; ket, Kets; kham, Khamnigans; khan, Khants; KK, Khakhassians; KO, Komis; KR, Karelians; LTU, Lithuanians; LVA, Latvians; man, Mansi; ME, Mari; MO, Mordvinians; MNG, Mongolians; NEN, Nenets; nga, Nganasans; NOR, Norwegians; tof, Tofalars; tuv, Tuvinians; UD, Udmurts; SA, Yakuts; saa, Saami; sel, Selkups; SWE, Swedes. The approximate location of the Volga-Ural Basin and of the different regions of Russian Siberia are also indicated.</p

Results for mitochondrial DNA typing.

a<p>Transitions are reported with upper-case letters, transversions with lower-case letters.</p>b<p>E, number of samples from which DNA was independently extracted; I, results replicated in an independent laboratory; C, number of HVR-I clones; Q, HVR-I DNA quantification performed.</p>c<p>Position 390R was not included in population genetics analyses.</p><p>Hg, haplogroup; HVR-I, hypervariable region I; np, nucleotide positions; yBP, years Before Present.</p