Why Do Females Remain in Violent Dating Relationships?

Recent interest in the study of physical aggression/coercion in dating violence follows more than a decade of research on marital violence and violence against children. In the 1980\u27s, studies have shown the frequency of violence in dating relationships to be approximately as high as in marriage (Makepeace, 1981, 1983; Laner and Thompson, 1982; Gate, et. al. 1982 and others). These studies revealed 20% or more of those sampled reported at least one incident of dating violence. Consistent with studies of marital violence, incidents are usually perceived as being relatively mild, involving slapping, pushing, and shoving (Henton, et. al., 1983; Makepeace 1981; Gate, et. al., 1982; Straus, et al., 1980). Violence patterns in relationships are evidently established early; Henton et. al (1983) reported a 12.1% violence rate among high school couples, and researchers studying college students have noted that violence frequently begins prior to high school graduation (e.g. Olday and Wesley, 1987). Although available dating violence research clearly underscores the importance of the phenomenon as an area of study, relatively little attention has been directed toward the effects of violence on these relationships: e.g. their stability, and likelihood of resulting in marriage. In many intimate relationships partners appear to endure violence for considerable periods of time. In Stacey and Shupe\u27s (1983) study of residents of a shelter for battered wives, 28% indicated that they had tolerated physical abuse for one to twoyears and 26% reported being victims of abuse for more than five years. In O\u27Brien\u27s (1971) study of divorce applicants, 48% of those involved in violent marriages reported violence to be an integral part of their marital interaction. In premarital relationships, Makepeace (1983) found that 30% of those experiencing violence in a dating relationship experienced it more than once. Gate et. al. (1982) found that those who said the dating relationship worsened because of the violence also said that they had experienced multiple violent acts

Blueberry Advisory Committee Research Report

The 1987 edition of the Blueberry Advisory Committee Research Reports was prepared for the Maine Wild Blueberry Commission and the University of Maine Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers with the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station and Maine Cooperative Extension Service at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Effect of Pruning Practices on Blueberry Insect Abundance 2. Economic Thresholds and Control of Secondary Blueberry Pests 3. Control of Blueberry Maggot 4. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Botrytis Blight on Lowbush Blueberry, 1987 5. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Mummy Berry on Lowbush Blueberry, 1987 6. Miscellaneous Activity: a) Fungicide Residue Analysis b) Blueberry fact sheet c) Berry contamination 7. Effects of Pruning Methods on Mummy Berry Disease Incidence, 1987 8. Effects of Pruning Methods on Powdery Mildew and Red Leaf Disease Incidence, 1987 9. Nutrition Survey 1987 10. Nutritional Responses of Seedlings 11. The Effect of Several Mulches on Frost Heaving, Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature and Rhizome Development 12. Time-temperature Effects on Sugar Migration and Physical Characterization in Lowbush Blueberries 13. Fabricated Blueberry Raisins Prepared from Puree using Alginate as the Gelling Agent 14. Blueberry Gelatin 15. Effect of Hexazinone (VELPAR) on Species Distribution in Lowbush Blueberry Fields 16. Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicides for Grass Control 17. Evaluation of Sulfonyl urea and Imidazoline compounds for Bunchberry Control 18. Use of Mechanical wiper with glyphosate (ROUNDUP) or dicamba for control of dogbane 19. Integrated Weed Management 20. Evaluation of Five Preemergence Herbicides for Control of Oat grass and Bunchgrass 21. Wiper Application of Dicamba for Woody Weed control 22. Hexazinone (VELPAR) and terbacil (SINBAR) combinations for weed control 23. Evaluation of Clopyralid and Lactofen for Bunchberry Control 24. Evaluation of Postemergence Applications of chlorimuron for Bunchberry Control 25. Hexazinone seedling study 26. Seedling Pruning Study 27. Effect of bracken fern on blueberry yield 28. Evaluation of two mechanical harvesters vs hand raking of lowbush blueberrie