Regression-Derived Ileal Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Broiler Chickens and Cannulated Pigs Fed Corn Fiber, Wheat Bran, and Pectin

The objective of these studies was to determine the effect corn fiber (CF), wheat bran (WB) and pectin (PEC) on basal ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broiler chickens (Exp. 1) and cannulated pigs (Exp. 2) using the regression method. Semi-purified diets containing 100 g/kg of CF, WB, or PEC (broiler chickens) and CF or PEC (pigs) were fed to replicate cages consisting of eight birds per cage of 21-d-old broiler chickens and six replicates of pigs consisting of one pig per pen. Ileal endogenous His, Glu, and Pro losses were higher (p \u3c 0.05) for CF and WB compared with birds fed diets containing PEC. Contrasts between CF and WB showed higher (p \u3c 0.05) ileal endogenous nitrogen, total amino acid, His, Ile, Met, Glu, Pro, and Tyr losses in birds fed the CF diets (Exp. 1). Contrasts of EAA losses between birds fed the WB and PEC diets showed higher (p \u3c 0.05) losses for His, Glu, and Pro. In the cannulated pigs, CF resulted in higher (p \u3c 0.05) ileal endogenous His, Leu, and Tyr losses. In summary, CF induced higher ileal EAA losses in broiler chickens and cannulated pigs

Enzyme-Treated Yeast Fed to Coccidia-Challenged Broiler Chickens

There is a growing search for natural feed additives to alleviate the deleterious effects of coccidia infection in poultry. Research has shown that may serve as healthier alternatives to coccidiostats. This study aimed to investigate the effect of enzyme-treated yeast (EY) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and health of coccidia-challenged broiler chickens. 480 broiler chickens were allocated to 3 corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets with increasing concentrations of EY (0, 1, or 2 g/kg). Dietary EY enhanced nutrient utilization and augmented intestinal development in broiler chickens. However, dietary EY did not completely attenuate the adverse effects of a coccidia challenge in broiler chickens

Dietary Fat Content and Fiber Type Modulate Hind Gut Microbial Community and Metabolic Markers in the Pig

Obesity leads to changes in the gut microbial community which contribute to the metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Dietary fat and fiber affect the caloric density of foods. The impact of dietary fat content and fiber type on the microbial community in the hind gut is unknown. Effect of dietary fat level and fiber type on hindgut microbiota and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles was investigated. Expression of metabolic marker genes in the gut, adipose tissue and liver was determined. A 2×2 experiment was conducted in pigs fed at two dietary fat levels (5% or 17.5% swine grease) and two fiber types (4% inulin, fermentable fructo-oligosaccharide or 4% solka floc, non-fermentable cellulose). High fat diets (HFD) resulted in a higher (

Effect of phytase on intestinal phytate breakdown, plasma inositol concentrations and glucose transporter type 4 abundance in muscle membranes of weanling pigs

The objective of this current study was to determine the effects of phytase dosing on growth performance, mineral digestibility, phytate breakdown and the level of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in muscle plasma membranes of weanling pigs. A total of 160 barrows were used in a randomized completely block design and assigned to four treatments for a 7-week study. Depending on the feeding phase, diets differed in dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels (PC:8 to 6.8g/kg Ca; 7.3 to 6.3 g/kg P; negative control (NC):5.5 to 5.2 g/kg Ca; 5.4 to 4.7 g/kg P). NC diets were supplemented with phytase at 0 (NC); 500 (NC+500 FTU) or 2000 FTU/kg (NC+2000 FTU) phytase units/kg. Blood was collected after fasting (d 48) or feeding (d 49) for measurement of plasma inositol concentrations. On d 49, two pigs per pen were euthanized, duodenal and ileal digesta samples were collected to determine inositol phosphates (InsP6-2) concentrations. High phytase supplementation increased body weight (BW) on d 21, 35 and 49 (P <0.05). Over the entire feeding period, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency were increased by NC+2000 FTU compared to the other treatments (P <0.05). Postprandial plasma inositol concentration was increased in NC+2000 (P < 0.01), but there was only a tendency (P = 0.06) of a higher fasting plasma inositol concentration in this group. Inositol concentrations in the portal vein plasma (d 49) were not different among treatments. Duodenal digesta InsP5 and InsP6 concentrations were similar in PC and NC, but higher in these two treatments (P < 0.05) than those supplemented with phytase. Phytase supplementation decreased InsP6-4, resulting in increased InsP3-2 and myo-inositol concentrations. Similar effects were found in ileal contents. Compared to NC, phytase supplementation resulted in greater cumulative InsP6-2 disappearance (93.6% vs. 72.8% vs. 25.0%, for NC+2000 FTU, NC +500 FTU and NC, respectively, P < 0.01) till the the distal ileum. Longissimus dorsi muscle plasma membrane GLUT4 concentration was increased by NC+2000 FTU (P < 0.01) compared to NC. In summary, high phytase supplementation increased growth performance of nursery pigs. The higher myo-inositol release from phytate could contribute to the increased expression of GLUT4 in muscle plasma membranes. Further investigation is needed to determine if this is associated with enhanced cellular glucose uptake and utilization

Amino Acid Digestibility of Corn, Pearl Millet, and Sorghum for White Pekin Ducks, Anas Platyrinchos Domesticus

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the digestibility of amino acids and nitrogen-corrected apparent (AMEn) and true (TMEn) metabolizable energy contents of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum for White Pekin ducks. Fasting losses of nitrogen, amino acids, and energy were obtained from six drakes ; and six drakes were assigned to each of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum. Each experiment lasted 102h with an initial 48-h period and a 54-h excreta collection period. During the first 48-h period, all birds were tube-fed dextrose (30g/100mL of water) at 8 and 32h after feed was withdrawn. Each feedstuff was tube-fed (30g/100mL of water ; or 30g dextrose for birds from which fasting losses were obtained) at 48 and 54h after feed withdrawal. Excreta were collected during the last 54h into bags screwed onto lids sutured around the vent of each bird. Fasting nitrogen and energy losses per bird were 668mg and 38kcal, respectively. Fasting losses of amino acids ranged from 22mg for leucine to 128mg for glutamate. The TMEn values for corn, pearl millet, and sorghum were 3.751, 3.777, and 3.620kcal/g, respectively. Because of the differences in nitrogen retention between ducks fed pearl millet and corn, TMEn contents of pearl millet were greater (P&lt;0.05) than those of sorghum. Of the amino acids considered, only leucine showed ingredient-related differences in true digestibility with corn (92.4%) and pearl millet (91.66%) being greater (P&lt;0.05) than sorghum (89.97%). The true digestibility of lysine (79.75, 78.85, or 79.5%), methionine (89.01, 88.42, or 89.15%), and tryptophan (97.46, 96.4, or 94.9%) were not different among corn, pearl millet, or sorghum, respectively. The data provide new information on amino acid digestibility values as well as AMEn and TMEn contents of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum for ducks

Techniques for evaluating digestibility of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients for pigs

Sound feed formulation is dependent upon precise evaluation of energy and nutrients values in feed ingredients. Hence the methodology to determine the digestibility of energy and nutrients in feedstuffs should be chosen carefully before conducting experiments. The direct and difference procedures are widely used to determine the digestibility of energy and nutrients in feedstuffs. The direct procedure is normally considered when the test feedstuff can be formulated as the sole source of the component of interest in the test diet. However, in some cases where test ingredients can only be formulated to replace a portion of the basal diet to provide the component of interest, the difference procedure can be applied to get equally robust values. Based on components of interest, ileal digesta or feces can be collected, and different sample collection processes can be used. For example, for amino acids (AA), to avoid the interference of fermentation in the hind gut, ileal digesta samples are collected to determine the ileal digestibility and simple T-cannula and index method are commonly used techniques for AA digestibility analysis. For energy, phosphorus, and calcium, normally fecal samples will be collected to determine the total tract digestibility, and therefore the total collection method is recommended to obtain more accurate estimates. Concerns with the use of apparent digestibility values include different estimated values from different inclusion level and non-additivity in mixtures of feed ingredients. These concerns can be overcome by using standardized digestibility, or true digestibility, by correcting endogenous losses of components from apparent digestibility values. In this review, methodologies used to determine energy and nutrients digestibility in pigs are discussed. It is suggested that the methodology should be carefully selected based on the component of interest, feed ingredients, and available experimental facilities

Comparative ileal amino acid digestibility of distillers' grains for growing pigs

The objective of the experiment reported here was to investigate and compare the amino acid (AA) digestibility of distillers' dried grains (DDG), distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), high protein distillers' dried grains (HP-DDG), and high protein distillers' dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) in growing pigs. Five semi-purified diets consisting of DDG, DDGS, HP-DDG, HP-DDGS, and nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were fed to pigs fitted with simple T-cannula for 5 observations per diet. Endogenous losses of AA at the terminal ileum of pigs that received the NFD were used to calculate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA from apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA. The AID of Lys in DDGS was lower (P < 0.05) than that in DDG, which was also lower (P < 0.05) than that in HP-DDG. There were no differences in AID of Met among DDG, DDGS and HP-DDGS, but was greater (P < 0.05) in HP-DDG than in DDG or DDGS. The AID of Thr in HP-DDG was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DDGS but not different from that in DDG or HP-DDGS. The branched-chain AA Ile and Leu had greater (P < 0.05) AID in HP-DDG than in DDG, DDGS or HP-DDGS, and there was no difference among DDG, DDGS, and HP-DDGS. The AID of Trp in DDG and DDGS or HP-DDG and HP-DDGS were not different, but the AID of Trp in HP-DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than that of DDGS. The greatest SID of the indispensable AA was in HP-DDG. Except for Arg and Lys in which DDG had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility, there was no difference between DDG and DDGS in the SID of the indispensable AA. The SID of Lys in DDG was greater (P < 0.05) than that of DDGS but there was no difference between that of DDG and HP-DDGS. Only His, Ile, and Met had lower (P < 0.05) SID in HP-DDGS than HP-DDG within the indispensable AA. The SID of Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gly, Ser and Tyr were lower (P < 0.05) in DDGS than in HP-DDG. There SID of dispensable AA in DDG was not different from that of HP-DDGS. The current study provided apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility values for traditional and high-protein corn distillers' dried grains coproducts for use in formulating swine diets. Amino acid digestibility was generally higher in HP-DDG than in other tested co-products of the dry grind processing of corn for ethanol

Metabolizable Energy Content of Meat and Bone Meal in Corn-Soybean Meal or Corn, Wheat and Soybean Meal Diets for Broilers

The experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) or nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn) content of a high protein meat and bone meal (MBM) in broiler diets contain graded levels of wheat. Two hundred eighty-eight 14-d old broilers were allocated to six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design and a2&times;3 factorial arrangement of treatments namely two levels of MBM (0 and 80g/kg) and three levels of wheat (0, 100 and 200g/kg). Wheat replaced part of corn and soybean meal and MBM was added at 0 or 80g/kg at each level of wheat. The birds received the diets for 7 d, and excreta were collected on d 19 to 21. The substitution of corn and SBM by wheat (200g/kg) increased the total NSP content in the diet by 11g/kg. There was a 5% decrease in both AME and AMEn when the level of wheat in the corn-SBM was increased to 200g/kg but this decrease was not significant. On the average, irrespective of wheat levels, AME and AMEn of the MBM were 2,734 and 2,586kcal/kg, respectively. Dietary AME and AMEn were greater in the diets with 200g/kg wheat compared to corn-SBM diet (P&lt;0.05), and N excretion was greater (P&lt;0.01) in the diets with MBM. Our results suggest that replacing part of corn and soybean meal with up to 200g/kg of wheat similar to what was used in the current study would have no effect on metabolizable energy of MBM