77 research outputs found

    A magyar kormĂĄny erƑfeszĂ­tĂ©sei a Nyugat-BĂĄnsĂĄg visszaszerzĂ©sĂ©re 1941-ben

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    In April 1941, in the occupation of Yugoslavia, Hitler claimed the participation of the Hungarian army. The Hungarian Government first of all agreed to military collaboration because of the possibility of the reannexation of areas that were earlier under Hungary’s control. However, this area was occupied by German troops as a result of the Romanian protestation against Hungarian invasion and the local German minority’s request. During the German–Italian negotiations deciding about splitting up Yugoslavia, this territory was awarded to Hungary in theory, but for the time being the region on the left bank of the River Tisza remained under German control. The Hungarian Government urged the handing over of the territory several times. Prime Minister László Bárdossy held talks with Berlin to provide economic benefits to Germany in exchange for handing over the area. The Hungarian Government tried to send officials and teachers to the Banat in order to strengthen the position of the Hungarians living there. However, the Germans prevented this. In the meantime, the Germans had settled down in this area, and the Western Banat was administratively proclaimed as part of the Serbian satellite state being under German control

    Tervek a Felvidék visszafoglalåsåra 1920-ban

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    In 1920, the Hungarian political and military leadership still saw a realistic opportunity to modify the peace conditions. The idea was partly built on the serious interior problems of the Czecho-Slovakian. On the other hand, a crisis situation might have been created in the region by the success of the Soviet-Russian Red Army that was pushing forward towards the West. In both cases, it could have been possible to count on the Western powers’ favourable receipt of the act of the National Army in order to help Poland that was threatened by the Soviets, to stabilise the region, and to eliminate Bolshevik threat. However, in order to do that, the Hungarian troops had had to march in the Highlands. The Hungarian Government held confidential negotiations with French personalities who would have propended to accept that in turn of Hungarian help, Highland or at least its Eastern part could belong again under Hungarian control. Eventually, the military plans (Awakening, Dawn, Arpad) could not be implemented because of the lack of political conditions. The Polish stopped the Soviets’ sudden attack, while in Czecho-Slovakia no Bolshevik turn took place

    Budapest lĂ©gihĂĄborĂșs tƱzkeresztsĂ©ge = The baptism of fire in the air war of Budapest

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    The Hungarian capital was not hit by an air attack until September 1942. At the time of the First Vienna Award, the attack on Yugoslavia and the entry into the war against the Soviet Union, there were air raid alarms in Budapest, but no bombing took place. In August-September 1942, the Soviet strategic air force launched attacks against Berlin and the capitals of the satellite states of the Third Reich. Budapest was bombed on the night of September 4 and 9. A total of 122 machines participated in the 2 campaigns. The Soviet planes flew 1,400–1,500 km from their base to the Hungarian capital, both times in bad weather conditions, so only half of the planes reached the destination. The bombs dropped from a great height without precise targeting caused only minor material damage, the personal loss was 18 dead and 84 wounded. The first attack hit Budapest unexpectedly. Until now, the Hungarian capital lived in the deceptive illusion that nothing bad could happen to him. At the time of the second attack, the military air defence and civil air raid precaution were already better prepared. In the following weeks, additional defensive measures were taken, but no further bombing occurred until 1944

    Honvédség Balkåni alkalmazåsåra vonatkozó német igény elutasítåsa

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    1943 tavaszĂĄn a HonvĂ©d VezĂ©rkar fƑnöke javaslatot tett, hogy magyar csapatok is kapcsolĂłdjanak be a BalkĂĄn nĂ©met megszĂĄllĂĄsĂĄba. Ezen az ĂĄron a nĂ©metek beleegyeznĂ©nek a DonnĂĄl szĂ©tvert 2. magyar hadsereg megmaradt erƑinek hazahozĂĄsĂĄba. Ezzel a magyar erƑk kevĂ©sbĂ© veszĂ©lyes feladatot lĂĄtnak el Ă©s közelebb ĂĄllomĂĄsoznak az orszĂĄg hatĂĄrĂĄhoz. Így könnyebb megƑrizni a haderƑt, hogy a szomszĂ©dokkal valĂł terĂŒleti vitĂĄk rendezĂ©sĂ©hez kellƑ erƑ ĂĄlljon MagyarorszĂĄg rendelkezĂ©sre. A magyar kormĂĄny elvetette a szerb terĂŒletek megszĂĄllĂĄsĂĄban valĂł rĂ©szvĂ©telt. Nem akartĂĄk kockĂĄztatni, hogy a szövetsĂ©gesek balkĂĄni partraszĂĄllĂĄsa esetĂ©n a magyar katonĂĄk szembe kerĂŒljenek angol vagy amerikai erƑkkel. Úgy gondoltĂĄk, hogy a honvĂ©dsĂ©g megjelenĂ©se csak tovĂĄbb rontanĂĄ az egyĂ©bkĂ©nt is feszĂŒlt magyar–szerb viszonyt. Titkos ĂŒzenetvĂĄltĂĄs sorĂĄn kiderĂŒlt, hogy egy ilyen lĂ©pĂ©st a nyugati hatalmak is elĂ­tĂ©lnĂ©nek. A kialakulĂł vita megrontotta a VezĂ©rkar fƑnöke Ă©s a miniszterelnök viszonyĂĄt. In spring 1943, the Chief of the General Staff, made a proposal that the Hungarian troopsshould have also joined theGerman occupational operations of the Balkans. In return the Germans would have agreed to bring home the remaining forces of the 2nd Hungarian Army routed at Don. The Hungarian forces would have had a less dangerous task and stayed closer to the Hungarian border. In this way it is easier to prevent the military force, so that there is enough force available for Hungary to settle territorial debates with the neighbours. However, the Hungarian Government rejected Hungary’s participation in occupying Serbian territories. They did not want to risk that in case the allies landed in the Balkans the Hungarian soldiers would have to face English or American forces. They thought that the appearance of the Hungarian army would have only worsened further the otherwise stressed relationship between the Hungarians and the Serbians. In the course of a secret exchange of messages, it turned out that even the western powers would have disapproved such a step. This debate infected the relationship between the Chief of the General Staff and the Prime Minister

    Horthy kormånyzó németorszågi låtogatåsa 1938 augusztusåban

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    In summer 1938, Hitler was already preparing to gain control of Czechoslovakia. Hitler expected full co6operation of the Hungarian Government for the sake of re6acquiring Highland annexed in 1920. On 21st August 1938, Regent Horthy, accompanied by several of his ministers, visited Germany, where he was welcomed with high celebration. During the discussions, Hitler made attempts to induce the Hungarian delegation to get involved in the military action against Czechoslovakia. However, Horthy and his ministers rejected it. They referred to the unpreparedness of the Hungarian military forces, the intervention of France and Great Britain, and the unpredictable reactions of the Little Entente states. Hungarian politicians insisted on revision, but preferably they wanted to implement it by by way of negotiations. Consequently, on 22nd August they agreed with the Little Entente states that Hungary was allowed to get armed freely; however, they mutually relinquished to resort to force. The German government was disappointed to find that it could not count on Hungary in its plans

    Tervek a Felvidék visszafoglalåsåra 1920-ban

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    A magyar politikai Ă©s katonai vezetĂ©s Ă©s 1920-ban mĂ©g reĂĄlis lehetƑsĂ©get lĂĄtott az bĂ©kefeltĂ©telek, mĂłdosĂ­tĂĄsĂĄra. Az elkĂ©pzelĂ©s rĂ©szben a csehszlovĂĄk ĂĄllam komoly belsƑ problĂ©mĂĄira Ă©pĂ­tett. MĂĄsrĂ©szt szovjet-orosz Vörös Hadsereg KözĂ©p-EurĂłpĂĄt veszĂ©lyeztetƑ sikerei teremthettek a rĂ©giĂłban vĂĄlsĂĄghelyzetet. MindkĂ©t esetben szĂĄmĂ­tani lehetetett arra, hogy a nyugati hatalmak kedvezƑen fogadnĂĄk a Magyar Nemzeti Hadsereg fellĂ©pĂ©sĂ©t, a szovjetek ĂĄltal fenyegetett LengyelorszĂĄg megsegĂ­tĂ©sĂ©re, a tĂ©rsĂ©g stabilizĂĄlĂĄsĂĄra, a bolsevik veszĂ©ly elhĂĄrĂ­tĂĄsĂĄra. Ehhez azonban a magyar csapatoknak be kellett volna vonulniuk a FelvidĂ©kre. A magyar kormĂĄny titkos tĂĄrgyalĂĄsokat folytatott francia szemĂ©lyisĂ©gekkel, melyek hajlottak volna arra, hogy a magyar segĂ­tsĂ©gĂ©rt cserĂ©be FelvidĂ©k, vagy annak legalĂĄbb a keleti rĂ©sze ismĂ©t magyar fennhatĂłsĂĄg alĂĄ kerĂŒlhessen. A katonai tervek (ÉbredĂ©s, PirkadĂĄs, ÁrpĂĄd) vĂ©gĂŒl a politikai feltĂ©telek hiĂĄnya miatt nem valĂłsulhattak meg. A szovjet elƑretörĂ©st a lengyelek megĂĄllĂ­tottĂĄk, CsehszlovĂĄkiĂĄban pedig nem kerĂŒlt sor bolsevik fordulatra.   In 1920, the Hungarian political and military leadership still saw a realistic opportunity to modify the peace conditions. The idea was partly built on the serious interior problems of the Czecho-Slovakian. On the other hand, a crisis situation might have been created in the region by the success of the Soviet-Russian Red Army that was pushing forward towards the West. In both cases, it could have been possible to count on the Western powers’ favourable receipt of the act of the Hungarian National Army in order to help Poland that was threatened by the Soviets, to stabilise the region, and to eliminate Bolshevik threat. However, in order to do that, the Hungarian troops had had to march in the Highlands. The Hungarian Government held confidential negotiations with French personalities who would have propended to accept that in turn of Hungarian help, Highland or at least its Eastern part could belong again under Hungarian control. Eventually, the military plans (Awakening, Dawn, Arpad) could not be implemented because of the lack of political conditions. The Polish stopped the Soviets’ sudden attack, while in Czecho-Slovakia no Bolshevik turn took place

    KettƑs jĂĄtszma : MagyarorszĂĄg Ă©s az Antikomintern paktum

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    The ImrĂ©dy Government already took steps to join the Anti-Comintern Pact at the end of 1938. However, the Pact was signed by PĂĄl Teleki who replaced BĂ©la ImrĂ©dy in the post of the prime minister. The Hungarian leadership considered it important to commit itself even in an agreement for the German and Italian foreign policy in order to strengthen the trust of the Axis Powers. They expected from this act that Berlin and Rome would finally support the Hungarian claim concerning Subcarpathia. This closer relationship with Germany and the open standpoint represented against the communist efforts seemed to be suitable even for neutralising the anti-government critics of the Hungarian extreme right wing. In addition, Teleki hoped that the symbolic step against the Soviet Union is welcomed by British politics. Thus, Hungary can take advantage of the Western powers against Czechoslovak leadership, which signed a military agreement with Moscow. The Western Powers did not show serious interest in relation to this Hungarian action. The Soviet Government harshly reacted. It froze diplomacy relationships. However, it was not primarily because of Budapest’s anti-communist announcement, but because of the Hungarian action’s precedent character so that the rest of the small states in Eastern Europe would not follow it

    LĂ©gi szuverenitĂĄs Ă©s lĂ©gi ellenƑrzƑ szolgĂĄlat a Horthy-korszakban

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    A trianoni bĂ©kediktĂĄtum az OsztrĂĄk-Magyar Monarchia hadereje lĂ©gjĂĄrĂł csapatainak repĂŒlƑgĂ©peit elkobozta, illetve likvidĂĄlta megtiltva, hogy a magyar haderƑ rendelkezzĂ©k lĂ©gierƑvel is. E helyzetet kihasznĂĄlva a kisantant ĂĄllamok szĂĄmtalan formĂĄban Ă©s szemĂ©rmetlenĂŒl megsĂ©rtettĂ©k a maradĂ©k Magyar KirĂĄlysĂĄg lĂ©gterĂ©t. A tiltĂĄs a polgĂĄri lĂ©giforgalomra is kiterjedt, a tiltĂĄsnak azonban ez a rĂ©sze — kĂŒlönösen miutĂĄn NĂ©metorszĂĄg bejelentette, hogy amennyiben a polgĂĄri lĂ©giforgalomra vonatkozĂłan is fennmarad a tiltĂĄs, Ășgy NĂ©metorszĂĄg is korlĂĄtozni fogja a lĂ©gterĂ©be berepĂŒlƑ kĂŒlföldi polgĂĄri repĂŒlƑgĂ©pek teljesĂ­tmĂ©ny lehetƑsĂ©geit — azonban visszaĂŒtött a gyƑztes ĂĄllamok lĂ©giforgalmi vĂĄllalataira, ezĂ©rt a tiltĂĄs ezen rĂ©szĂ©t visszavontĂĄk. ElƑállt tehĂĄt az a helyzet, hogy MagyarorszĂĄg lĂ©gterĂ©ben megjelentek a kĂŒlönbözƑ lĂ©giforgalmi vĂĄllalatok, legmodernebb, a kor szĂ­nvonalĂĄn ĂĄllĂł nagy teljesĂ­tmĂ©nyƱ utasszĂĄllĂ­tĂł repĂŒlƑgĂ©pei. Ezeknek a repĂŒlƑgĂ©pek, utasĂ­tĂĄsĂĄval, kiszolgĂĄlĂĄsĂĄval stb. MagyarorszĂĄgnak is foglalkoznia kellett, ezĂ©rt erre olyan szervezeteket hoztak lĂ©tre, amelyek nem sĂ©rtettĂ©k a trianoni bĂ©kediktĂĄtum szigorĂș elƑírĂĄsait. Ezekben a szervezetekben azonban a magyar kormĂĄnyok igyekeztek elrejteni a leendƑ magyar lĂ©gierƑ szervezetĂ©nek, szemĂ©lyzetĂ©nek Ă©s technikai eszközeinek legalĂĄbb a csĂ­rĂĄit

    Magyarorszåg légi honvédelme 1918-1919-ben

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    Az I. vilĂĄghĂĄborĂș idƑszakĂĄban megjelent a lĂ©gi hadviselĂ©s, a repĂŒlƑ erƑk önĂĄllĂł fegyvernemmĂ© vĂĄltak. MagyarorszĂĄg sajĂĄt lĂ©gierƑvel nem rendelkezett, a „lĂ©gjĂĄrĂł csapatok” a Monarchia közös haderejĂ©nek rĂ©szĂ©t kĂ©peztĂ©k. 1918 novemberĂ©ben, a Monarchia kettĂ©vĂĄlĂĄsĂĄt követƑen a magyar katonai vezetĂ©snek szinte a semmibƑl kellett megszervezni az önĂĄllĂł magyar repĂŒlƑ erƑket. A szomszĂ©dos ĂĄllamok, a szerb, a romĂĄn Ă©s a cseh haderƑ a tĂ©rsĂ©gben ĂĄllomĂĄsozĂł francia Keleti Hadsereg tĂĄmogatĂĄsĂĄval, illetve a Monarchia repĂŒlƑeszközeinek lefoglalĂĄsa rĂ©vĂ©n mĂĄr rendelkezett repĂŒlƑ egysĂ©gekkel, melyek MagyarorszĂĄg bĂĄrmely pontjĂĄt akadĂĄlytalanul elĂ©rhettĂ©k. EzĂ©rt meghatĂĄrozĂł fontossĂĄgĂș volt, hogy a fegyverszĂŒneti egyezmĂ©ny elƑírĂĄsai, illetve a KĂĄrolyi kormĂĄnyzat kĂŒlpolitikai koncepciĂłja nyomĂĄn vĂ©grehajtott jelentƑs mĂ©rtĂ©kƱ haderƑcsökkentĂ©s ellenĂ©re a honvĂ©dsĂ©g ĂŒtƑkĂ©pes lĂ©gierƑvel (Ă©s lĂ©gvĂ©delmi erƑvel) rendelkezzen. Az ĂĄltalĂĄnos leszerelĂ©si rendelkezĂ©s a repĂŒlƑ csapatok ĂĄllomĂĄnyĂĄra nem vonatkozott. A katonai vezetĂ©s 1918–1919 folyamĂĄn a kikĂ©pzett repĂŒlƑk szolgĂĄlatban tartĂĄsĂĄval, az orszĂĄgban talĂĄlhatĂł repĂŒlƑanyag összegyƱjtĂ©sĂ©vel, a gyĂĄrtĂł kapacitĂĄs aktivizĂĄlĂĄsĂĄval igyekezett egy kicsi, de ĂŒtƑkĂ©pes lĂ©gierƑt szervezni. A pilĂłtĂĄk többsĂ©ge nem ideolĂłgiai alapon, hanem egyszerƱen a haza vĂ©delme Ă©rdekĂ©ben teljesĂ­tett szolgĂĄlatot a forradalmak idƑszaka alatt is.   In the period of World War I, air warfare had appeared; flying forces had become an independent arm. Hungary did not have an air force of its own. The “aviation troops” comprised part of the Monarchy’s joint military forces.  In November 1918, after the Monarchy’s slit-up, the Hungarian military leadership should have set up the independent Hungarian flying forces from almost nothing. The Serbian, Romanian, and Czech military forces had already flying units that could reach any location in Hungary without hindrance with the support of the French Eastern Army stationing in the region. That was why it was essential for the Hungarian army to have a combat worthy air force despite the substantial military force reduction implemented as a result of the regulations of the armistice agreement. The general disarmament provision did not apply to the stock of the aviation troops. In the course of 1918–1919, the military leadership made efforts to set up a small but combat worthy air force by keeping trained airmen in service, collecting the flying stock available in the country, and activating the manufacturing capacity. Most of the pilots served even during the periods of revolutions not on ideological basis, but simply in order to protect their homeland
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