Малий бізнес в Україні: окремі аспекти сучасного стану та проблеми подальшого розвитку

У статті розглянуто деякі аспекти сучасного стану підприємництва в Україні у порівнянні з розвинутими країнами світу; визначені актуальні проблеми подальшого розвитку малого бізнесу, його роль і потенційні можливості у подоланні кризових явищ в економіці держави; окреслена необхідність істотного покращення державної регуляторної політики у сфері підприємництва, нагальні потреби підвищення якості управління бізнесовими структурами.In the article main aspects of current state of entrepreneurship in Ukraine are reviewed in comparison with developed countries, problems of small and medium business further development and it’s role and potential ability in overcoming crisis event in country economy are determined, necessity of substantial improvement of government regulation politic and also emergency need of business structures management quality improvement are presented

A Cancer-Indicative microRNA Pattern in Normal Prostate Tissue

We analyzed the levels of selected micro-RNAs in normal prostate tissue to assess their potential to indicate tumor foci elsewhere in the prostate. Histologically normal prostate tissue samples from 31 prostate cancer patients and two cancer negative control groups with either unsuspicious or elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels (14 and 17 individuals, respectively) were analyzed. Based on the expression analysis of 157 microRNAs in a pool of prostate tissue samples and information from data bases/literature, we selected eight microRNAs for quantification by real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Selected miRNAs were analyzed in histologically tumor-free biopsy samples from patients and healthy controls. We identified seven microRNAs (miR-124a, miR-146a & b, miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a & b), which displayed significant differential expression in normal prostate tissue from men with prostate cancer compared to both cancer negative control groups. Four microRNAs (miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a and let-7b) remained to significantly discriminate normal tissues from prostate cancer patients from those of the cancer negative control group with elevated PSA levels. The transcript levels of these microRNAs were highly indicative for the presence of cancer in the prostates, independently of the PSA level. Our results suggest a microRNA-pattern in histologically normal prostate tissue, indicating prostate cancer elsewhere in the organ

ESR1 Amplification in Breast Cancer by Optimized RNase FISH: Frequent but Low-Level and Heterogeneous. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84189. Optical Dataset S2

<p><strong>Moelans CB, Holst F, Hellwinkel O, Simon R, van Diest PJ (2013) <em>ESR1</em> Amplification in Breast Cancer by Optimized RNase FISH: Frequent but Low-Level and Heterogeneous. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084189</strong></p> <p><strong>Optical Dataset S2 (with RNase) of S1+S2</strong></p> <p>OD S1: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.864194</p> <p><strong>Combined Description for Optical Dataset S1 and S2:</strong></p> <p>The optical datasets illustrate the FISH signal appearance by full size <em>ESR1</em> FISH photographs (not all of them representative) of a total of 35 breast cancer cases (Case#1-35) including 24 tumors with increased <em>ESR1</em> copy numbers by FISH (15 <em>ESR1</em> amplified and 9 <em>ESR1</em> gained, Case#01-#24) and 11 tumors without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase (Case#25-#35), selected from a consecutive subset of 90 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded grade 3 breast cancers from the archives of the Department of Pathology in Hamburg and previously used in an <em>ESR1</em> FISH mapping study [12]. To illustrate the results of RNase A treatment, for all 24 cases with <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase different pictures (Fig.01-19) with (+RNase A: optical dataset S2; “OD2”) and without RNase A treatment (optical dataset S1; “OD1”) are available.</p> <p>FISH data are optical patterns visualized by imaging technology and translated by subjective interpretation into numerical information. To support the confirmability of optical FISH “raw data”, the pictures document by three color photographs the <em>ESR1</em> FISH signal appearance in nuclei with <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase and nuclei without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase on 4µm conventional large section FFPE tissue slides, showing <em>ESR1</em> signals (green), <em>CEN6</em> signals (orange) and cell nuclei (blue) at 100x or 63x magnification. Pictures are labeled “CNI” for observed gene “copy number increase” and “NO” for “normal” or “no copy number increase”. Gene loci with additional allelic copies (CNI) are marked exemplarily in some cases (white arrows and edges), partially indicating occurrence of nuclei with “CNI” appearing sporadically distributed in a pattern of mosaic heterogeneity intermingled with nuclei without “CNI”.</p> <p>Due to intensity variations, nucleus truncation during slide sectioning and the three dimensional distribution of signals, individual gene copies may not always become visible. To illustrate the distribution of signals within the z-axis, some pictures are taken with different z-layers (Z-Stack A-D).</p> <p>To illustrate the difference between cases or tissue areas showing <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase (CNI) and cases or tissue areas without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase, pictures of the 11 cases and other tissue areas with clearly normal copy number or “no copy number increase” (NO) are shown in addition.</p> <p>12. Holst F, Stahl PR, Ruiz C, Hellwinkel O, Jehan Z, et al. (2007) Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene amplification is frequent in breast cancer. Nat Genet 39: 655-660.</p

ESR1 Amplification in Breast Cancer by Optimized RNase FISH: Frequent but Low-Level and Heterogeneous. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84189. Optical Dataset S1

<p><strong>Moelans CB, Holst F, Hellwinkel O, Simon R, van Diest PJ (2013) <em>ESR1</em> Amplification in Breast Cancer by Optimized RNase FISH: Frequent but Low-Level and Heterogeneous. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084189</strong></p> <p><strong>Optical Dataset S1 (without RNase) of S1+S2</strong></p> <p>OD S2: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.864525</p> <p><strong>Combined Description for Optical Dataset S1 and S2:</strong></p> <p>The optical datasets illustrate the FISH signal appearance by full size <em>ESR1</em> FISH photographs (not all of them representative) of a total of 35 breast cancer cases (Case#1-35) including 24 tumors with increased <em>ESR1</em> copy numbers by FISH (15 <em>ESR1</em> amplified and 9 <em>ESR1</em> gained, Case#01-#24) and 11 tumors without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase (Case#25-#35), selected from a consecutive subset of 90 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded grade 3 breast cancers from the archives of the Department of Pathology in Hamburg and previously used in an <em>ESR1</em> FISH mapping study [12]. To illustrate the results of RNase A treatment, for all 24 cases with <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase different pictures (Fig.01-19) with (+RNase A: optical dataset S2; “OD2”) and without RNase A treatment (optical dataset S1; “OD1”) are available.</p> <p>FISH data are optical patterns visualized by imaging technology and translated by subjective interpretation into numerical information. To support the confirmability of optical FISH “raw data”, the pictures document by three color photographs the <em>ESR1</em> FISH signal appearance in nuclei with <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase and nuclei without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase on 4µm conventional large section FFPE tissue slides, showing <em>ESR1</em> signals (green), <em>CEN6</em> signals (orange) and cell nuclei (blue) at 100x or 63x magnification. Pictures are labeled “CNI” for observed gene “copy number increase” and “NO” for “normal” or “no copy number increase”. Gene loci with additional allelic copies (CNI) are marked exemplarily in some cases (white arrows and edges), partially indicating occurrence of nuclei with “CNI” appearing sporadically distributed in a pattern of mosaic heterogeneity intermingled with nuclei without “CNI”.</p> <p>Due to intensity variations, nucleus truncation during slide sectioning and the three dimensional distribution of signals, individual gene copies may not always become visible. To illustrate the distribution of signals within the z-axis, some pictures are taken with different z-layers (Z-Stack A-D).</p> <p>To illustrate the difference between cases or tissue areas showing <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase (CNI) and cases or tissue areas without <em>ESR1</em> copy number increase, pictures of the 11 cases and other tissue areas with clearly normal copy number or “no copy number increase” (NO) are shown in addition.</p> <p>12. Holst F, Stahl PR, Ruiz C, Hellwinkel O, Jehan Z, et al. (2007) Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene amplification is frequent in breast cancer. Nat Genet 39: 655-660.</p

Effect of RNase treatment on FISH and on correlation between FISH and MLPA.

<p>(a) RNase pretreatment resulted in a higher fraction of tumor cells showing point-shaped FISH signals, by eliminating eye catching fuzzy clusters of ESR1 signals seen by standard FISH (b) MLPA copy number ratios in FISH “not increased”, gained and amplified samples without and with RNase treatment.</p

Effect of elevated irrigation bottle height during cataract surgery on corneal endothelial cells in porcine eyes

Abstract Background Cataract surgery induces corneal endothelial cell loss (ECL). This study investigates the relationship between bottle height (BH) and ECL induced due to irrigation and aspiration (I/A) in cataract surgery and quantifies protective effects of intraoperatively used ophthalmic viscoelastic substances. Methods Intermittent I/A without phacoemulsification was performed in porcine eyes for 10 min with varying BHs of 100 cm (BH100), 125 cm (BH125), 150 cm (BH150) or no treatment (control, no I/A). Additionally, in one group a dispersive ophthalmic viscoelastic substance was injected into the anterior eye chamber before treatment with I/A at a BH of 150 cm (BH150 + V). After exposure of the corneal endothelium to I/A, the corneas were prepared to split corneal buttons on day 0 and cultivated for 15 days. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was analyzed blinded on days 1, 8 and 15. Results Relative ECL significantly correlated with irrigation BH (control (n = 13): -9.69 ± 6.03% (average ± standard deviation); BH100 (n = 12): -9.69 ± 4.81%—p = 1.000; BH125 (n = 14): -19.44 ± 7.30% – p < 0.001; BH150 (n = 13): -21.99 ± 6.70%—p < 0.001). I/A-induced ECL was significantly decreased by the injection of ophthalmic viscoelastic, as BH150 + V (n = 14; -10.92 ± 4.09%—p = 1.000) showed a cell loss comparable to the control group. Conclusions ECL is altered by I/A BH and reduced when viscoelastic substances are used