Novel Polyesteramide Resin from Rubber Seed Oil for Surface Coating Application

This paper reports the synthesis of rubber seed oil-based polyesteramide via maleinised rubber seed oil intermediate. Rubber seed oil was modified by treatment with maleic anhydride and subsequently reacted with diethanolamine. The synthesized intermediate and the resin were characterized by measurement of physico-chemical properties (acid value, iodine value, and saponification value), resistance to chemicals (water, dilute alkali, dilute acid, and brine) and drying time in comparison with medium oil-modified alkyd resin. The values of the measurement parameter suggest a potential for the application of polyesteramide resin in surface coating applications. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, maleinization, polyesteramide resin, low V.O.C., surface coatin

The Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Respirable and Inhalabe Particle During wet Season

Air Pollution is a problem because human activities threaten to overload the atmosphere with wastes beyond the ability of wind and weather to disperse and dilute these pollutants. An effective air resources management program must take into account, the effects of meteorological parameters on transport and dilution and the natural cleansing processes of the atmosphere. Particulate pollutants tend to coagulate, increase in size and fall to earth. Thus coarse or inhalable particulates generally cause air pollution problems of a localized nature. However, lighter particulate and gaseous pollutant are influenced by action of atmospheric diffusion and may be carried to great distances from their sources of origin. Any study of air pollution should include a study of the weather patterns (meteorology) of the local area because the fate of air pollutants is influenced by the movements and characteristics of the air mass into which they are emitted. The main concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter was 104.17 \u2013 260.42 and the inhalable suspended particulate matter was in a range of 104.17 - 434.03. The correlation of inhalable and respirable suspended particulate matter was good and positive (r = 0.73.); And the correlation of respirable and inhalable fraction with wind speed and temperature were positive while with relative, humidity were negative. The spatial distribution of inhalable and respirable were significant and remarkable (P<0.05)

Effect of carbonization on the processing characteristics of rubber seed shell

The effect of carbonization on the processing characteristics of rubber seed shell powder was studied. Rubber seed shells were carbonized at different temperatures and then ground into fine powder. The various powders obtained were then characterized by pH, bulk density, moisture content, iodine adsorption value, yield%, conductivity and loss on ignition. The results show that there was a significant change in the pH as the heating temperature increases. The bulk density and moisture content decrease with increasing heating temperature while the iodine adsorption number and the loss on ignition increase with increasing heating temperature thus showing that carbonization has a significant influence on the processing characteristics of rubber seed shell

The effect of bio-based plasticizer on the permanence and water vapor transport properties of PVC plastigels

Novel formulations of PVC plastisols based on blends of bio-based and synthetic plasticizers were prepared and characterized. A traditional phthalate plasticizer, dioctylphthalate, was replaced in the plastisols studied by the epoxidized rubber seed oil (4.5 % oxirane content). The plastisols formed were processed into plastigels and characterized in terms of permanence properties using leaching and migration tests and water vapour barrier properties. It was found that the permanence properties of PVC/DOP plastigels were maintained in the presence of up to 50 % ERSO, and that blending with DOP did not impair the water barrier properties of PVC plastigels

Analysis of respirable and inhalable particle in Obaretin during dry season

Application of effective abatement plan to curtail particulate matter is only conceivable when the emission sources have been uniquely identified and characterized. SKC high volume gravimetric sampler Model 210-5000, serial no 20537 and respirable foam were used to capture the respirableparticle and the inhalable particle at five different locations in Obaretin between December 2008 to April 2009. The foam and the glass fibre filter were analyzed for trace metals (NI, Cr, Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric, (AAS). From the analysed trace metals Ni and Co were below detection limit and the trace metal Cd was moderately enriched. The total mean concentration values of the analyzed trace metals for inhalable particle (Fe: 1.70ssmg/m3 , Zn:0.0532mg/m3, Cu:0.1370mg/m3, Mn:0.034mg/m3, Cd:0.04452mg/m3, Pb: 0.15226mg/m3, Cr: 0.0070mg/m3). Trace metals in respirable particles, the total mean concentration values of the analysed trace metals are: (Fe: 1.4536mg/m3, Zn:0.0456mg/m3, Cu:0.1206mg/m3, Mn:0.1130mg/m3, Cd:0.2098mg/m3, Pb:0.13560mg/m3, Cr: 0.10000mg/m3) Ni and Co were below detection limit. The spatial distribution were insignificant (P>0.05). The values obtained in this study violated the available WHO limit and fell within the purview of OSHA limit

Polymer Applications in Agriculture

The use of polymer in agriculture is gaining popularity in science, particularly in the field of polymer chemistry. This has provided solutions to the problems of the present day agriculture which is to maximize land and water productivity without threatening the environment and the natural resources. Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels potentially influence soil permeability, density, structure, texture, evaporation and infiltration rates of water through the soils. Functionalized polymers were used to increase the efficiency of pesticides and herbicides, allowing lower doses to be used and to indirectly protect the environment by reducing pollution and clean-up existing pollutants. This account; a detailed review study, has been put together as an expose on the myriad application of polymer in the field of agriculture, highlighting present research trend , impact on food security and future outlook

Heavy metal in inhalable and respirable particles in urban atmosphere

Human activities in Sapele are veritable sources of particulate pollution which are exuded into the atmosphere. These activities include bush burning which is one of the pre-planting activities, transportation, gas flaring, incineration of wastes refuse disposal and the use of wood as a source of fuel. The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of the trace metal in particulate matter captured in glass fibre filter paper. High volume sampler was used to collect the respirable and inhalable suspended particulate matter at ten different sites located in Sapele, from December 2010 to April 2011. The foam and the glass fibre filter were analysed for nine (Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, and Pb) respectively by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The concentration of the respirable particle ranged from 104.17 to 145.83μg/m3 while the inhalable concentration ranged from 166.67 to 812.50μg/m3. From the analysis the element Cd was moderately enriched

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using organic chelating acids

Changes in heavy metal speciation and uptake by maize in a soil before and after washing with chelating organic acids, citric acid, tartaric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were assessed. A sandy loam was collected from the vicinity of the Benue industrial layout, Makurdi, Nigeria and spiked with a quinternary mixture of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead nitrates to achieve higher levels of contamination. Batch soil washing experiments performed on 1.0 g portions of the spiked soil using 0.05 M chelating agents at a solid:liquid ratio of 1:25 showed that washing efficiencies varied in the order: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid> citric acid> tartaric acid with metal extraction yields typically following the sequence, copper> nickel> zinc> cadmium> lead. Sequential extractions proposed by the European Communities Bureau of Reference method used to assess the redistribution of heavy metal forms in the soil showed that apparent metal mobilities were reduced upon soil washing. Citric acid removed most of the metals hitherto associated with the exchangeable and reducible fractions; tartaric acid, the exchangeable metal pools; and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, the non-residual metal pools. Heavy metal assay of harvested biomass of maize grown on unwashed and washed soil samples indicated that metal transfer coefficients, decreased in the order of treatment: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid <citric acid <tartaric acid <unwashed soil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid appeared to offer greater potentials as chelating agents to use in remediating the high permeability soil. Tartaric acid, however, is recommended in events of moderate contamination