Derivation of Born Rule from Algebraic and Statistical Axioms

In the present paper we propose a new axiomatic system of algebraic and statistical axioms as working hypotheses, from which Born rule can be seen to emerge. In this process the concept of sectors defined as quasi-equivalence classes of factor states plays a crucial role.Comment: 12 page

Involvement of the cerebellum in classical fear conditioning in goldfish

To investigate the cognitive role of the cerebellum of fish, we conducted experiments examining effects of cerebellar manipulations on fear-related classical heart rate conditioning in goldfish. We performed two types of manipulations, one was total ablation of the corpus cerebelli and the other was localized cooling of the corpus cerebelli for reversible inactivation of the cerebellar function. Both the cardiac arousal response to the first presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the cardiac reflex to the aversive unconditioned stimulus were not impaired by the ablation or cooling of the corpus cerebelli. On the other hand, inactivation of cerebellar function severely impaired the acquisition of a conditioned cardiac response in the fear-related conditioning. In addition, localized cooling of the corpus cerebelli reversibly suppressed the expression of established conditioned response. We suggest that the cerebellum of fish is not only being a motor coordination center but also is involved in emotional learning

Absence of Hybridization Gap in Heavy Electron Systems and Analysis of YbAl3 in terms of Nearly Free Electron Conduction Band

In the analysis of the heavy electron systems, theoretical models with c-f hybridization gap are often used. We point out that such a gap does not exist and the simple picture with the hybridization gap is misleading in the metallic systems, and present a correct picture by explicitly constructing an effective band model of YbAl_3. Hamiltonian consists of a nearly free electron model for conduction bands which hybridize with localized f-electrons, and includes only a few parameters. Density of states, Sommerfeld coefficient, f-electron number and optical conductivity are calculated and compared with the band calculations and the experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Host selection of hematophagous leeches (Haemadipsa japonica): Implications for iDNA studies

The development of an efficient and cost‐effective method for monitoring animal populations or biodiversity is urgently needed, and invertebrate‐derived DNA (iDNA) may offer a promising tool for assessing the diversity and other ecological information of vertebrates. We studied the host species of a hematophagous leech (Haemadipsa japonica) in Yakushima by genetic barcoding and compared the results with those for mammal composition revealed by camera trapping. We analyzed 119 samples using two sets of primers by Sanger sequencing and one set of primer by next generation sequencing. The proportion of the samples that were successfully sequenced and identified to at least one species was 11.8–24.3%, depending on the three different methods. In all of these three methods, most of the samples were identified as sika deer (18/20, 6/15 and 16/29) or human (2/20, 7/15 and 21/29). The nonhuman mammal host species composition was significantly different from that estimated by camera trapping. Sika deer was the main host, which may be related with their high abundance, large body size and terrestriality. Ten samples included DNA derived from multiple species of vertebrates. This may be due to the contamination of human DNA, but we also found DNA from deer, Japanese macaque and a frog in the same samples, suggesting the mixture of the two meals in the gut of the leech. Using H. japonica‐derived iDNA would not be suitable to make an inventory of species, but it may be useful to collect genetic information on the targeted species, due to their high host selectivity

Screening of aspartate dehydrogenase of bacteria

Fifty-two strains of bacteria cultured under aerobic conditions and 12 strains of bacteria cultured under anaerobic conditions demonstrated high activity staining of aspartate dehydrogenase with NAD^+. Four strains of bacteria cultured under aerobic conditions and 7 strains of bacteria cultured under anaerobic conditions demonstrated high activity staining of aspartate dehydrogenase with NADP^+. Seven strains of bacteria cultured under aerobic conditions and 4 strains of bacteria cultured under anaerobic conditions demonstrated high specific activity of aspartate dehydrogenase with NAD^+. One strain of bacteria cultured under aerobic conditions and 5 strains of bacteria cultured under anaerobic conditions demonstrated high specific activity of aspartate dehydrogenase with NADP^+. A strain of S. liquefaciens IFO 12979 showed highest specific activity of aspartate dehydrogenase with NAD^+ and NADP^+

担子菌による線溶活性物質生産の培養条件

Cultivation condition of production of fibrinolytic active substance derived from Basidiomycetes was investigated. Basidiomycetes used were 11 strains of commercial product and 30 strains isolated from nature. Fibrinolytic activities were found in Tamogitake of commercial product and 5 strains of Isolants from nature. Isolant W510 strain showed almost the same fibrinolytic activity with Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus natto and Streptomyces griseus. Production of fibrinolytic active substance by W510 strain was high on the glucose media containing potato dextrose, malt extract or cornsteep liqure, but low on the glucose media of yeast extract, soybeen meal digest or polypeptone. Sucrose and corn starch were better carbon sources than glucose. No urea was used for nitrogen source