ゼン ゲンゴキ ノ オヤコ コミュニケーション ニ ミラレル ダイベン

親はまだしゃべらない乳児とどのようにやりとりできるのだろうか。おとな同士のコミュニケーションがことばに大きく依存していることと比較すると,乳児とのやりとりは困難なものに感じる。しかし,実際に親は乳児とまるで通じ合っているかのようにコミュニケーションを行っている。このような視点で親子のやりとりを見直すと,前言語期の乳児に対して,親がまるで乳児の考えや感情,要求,拒否,希望を反映させているかのように,乳児の代わりに発話していることがわかる。たとえば,ごはんを食べている乳児に「おいしいねぇ」と言ったり,おむつ替えをしながら「ああ,さっぱりした」と言ったりするように,乳児の考えや感情をおとなが言語化する。つまり,親は自身の発話のアドレス性を操作し,子どもの声(Wertsch, 1991)を帯びた発話を行っているのである。本研究では,そのような発話を代弁(Parental Proxy Talk)とし,IDS(乳児に向けられた発話;Infant-Directed Speech)として分析する。本研究は,前言語期の乳児と母親のやりとりから,母親の発話を分析対象とする。母親の発話を誰を発話主体としていたか,誰の声であったかという視点でひとつひとつ分析した。その結果,4 つのタイプの代弁,すなわち,(1)子ども視点型の代弁,(2)親子視点型の代弁,(3)あいまい型の代弁,(4)移行型の代弁が見いだされた。How can parents communicate with their infants before the infants learn to talk? Even adult-adult communication requires effort. We communicate using verbal clues as well as cultural-historical preverbal ones.Nevertheless we can still end up misunderstanding each other. It is even more difficult to communicate if the partner in communication is a pre-verbal infant who does not speak and use common gestures yet. Carefully observing communication between parents and their infants reveals that parents keep talking to their infants usingParent Proxy Talk. Not only were they talking to their infants from their own perspectives, but they were also talking as a proxy, using their infants\u27 voices. The videotaped verbal and nonverbal mother-infant interactions were analyzed and revealed four types of Parental Proxy Talk; (1) from the child\u27s view, (2) from the views of both the mother and child, (3) from an ambiguous view, and (4) from a transitional view. It was discussed about a process of enculturation by focusing on Parental Proxy Talk

ニンシンキ ニ オケル ボシ ノ セッショク ト シテノ タイドウ : タイドウ ニッキ ニ オケル タイドウ オ アラワス オノマトペ ノ ブンセキ カラ

妊婦が胎動をどのような感覚としてとらえているか。本研究では,胎動そのものの変化に対して,妊婦がどのような感受性を示すかを検討する。妊婦の胎動への感受性の指標として,妊娠中に記録された胎動日記において,胎動を表現するために用いられたオノマトペに着目した。妊婦38 名から得られた胎動日記1032 を分析した結果,妊娠期には,実にさまざまなオノマトペが用いられていることがわかった。オノマトペに用いる音が豊富であり,語基の変形だけでなく,臨時のオノマトペの使用も認められた。また,胎動を表すオノマトペと胎児への意味づけとの関連について週齢変化を検討した結果,3 つの時期に整理することができた。第一期(～ 28 週)は胎動のオノマトペが多様性を帯び,第三期(35 ～ 40 週)に向けて,オノマトペの多様性より,胎児への意味づけの多様性が増すように変化することを見いだした。最後に,母子の身体接触としての胎動という観点から考察した。How sense does a pregnant woman have at fetal movement? The present study examined how pregnant women (N=38) described fetal movement in order to consider women\u27s perceptions of relationships with their fetuses. Especially, it focused on how onomatopoeia they use to express their sense at fetal movement. Participants kept a pregnancy diary about fetal movement. Analysis of the 1032 diary entries found out that pregnant women used very different kinds of idiomatic onomatopoeia, and also produced temporary onomatopoeia. Further, it also found out that in each of three periods (e.g., before 28th week, 29th – 34th week, and 35th – 40th week), pregnant women used different onomatopoeia for fetal movement. Finally, this paper discussed the meaning of the fetal movement as touch between fetus and mother

The Feeder Effects of Cultured Rice Cells on the Early Development of Rice Zygotes

Feeder cells and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in a culture medium promote mitosis and cell division in cultured cells. These are also added to nutrient medium for the cultivation of highly active in mitosis and dividing zygotes, produced in vitro or isolated from pollinated ovaries. In the study, an in vitro fertilization (IVF) system was used to study the precise effects of feeder cells and 2,4-D on the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) zygote. The elimination of 2,4-D from the culture medium did not affect the early developmental profiles of the zygotes, but decreased the division rates of multicellular embryos. The omission of feeder cells resulted in defective karyogamy, fusion between male and female nuclei, and the subsequent first division of the cultured zygotes. The culture of zygotes in a conditioned medium corrected developmental disorders. Proteome analyses of the conditioned medium revealed the presence of abundant hydrolases possibly released from the feeder cells. Exogenously applied α-amylase ameliorated karyogamy and promoted zygote development. It is suggested that hydrolytic enzymes, including α-amylase, released from feeder cells may be involved in the progression of zygotic development

Food Preferences of Patients with Citrin Deficiency

Citrin deficiency is characterized by a wide range of symptoms from infancy through adulthood and presents a distinct preference for a diet composed of high protein, high fat, and low carbohydrate. The present study elucidates the important criteria by patients with citrin deficiency for food selection through detailed analysis of their food preferences. The survey was conducted in 70 citrin-deficient patients aged 2–63 years and 55 control subjects aged 2–74 years and inquired about their preference for 435 food items using a scale of 1–4 (the higher, the more favored). The results showed that the foods marked as “dislike” accounted for 36.5% in the patient group, significantly higher than the 16.0% in the controls. The results also showed that patients clearly disliked foods with 20–24 (% of energy) or less protein, 45–54% (of energy) or less fat, and 30–39% (of energy) or more carbohydrate. Multiple regression analysis showed carbohydrates had the strongest influence on patients’ food preference (β = −0.503). It also showed female patients had a stronger aversion to foods with high carbohydrates than males. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate energy ratio (PFC) of highly favored foods among patients was almost the same as the average PFC ratio of their daily diet (protein 20–22: fat 47–51: carbohydrates 28–32). The data strongly suggest that from early infancy, patients start aspiring to a nutritional balance that can compensate for the metabolism dissonance caused by citrin deficiency in every food

Semen collection by urethral catheterization and electro-ejaculation with different voltages, and the effect of holding temperature and cooling rate before cryopreservation on semen quality in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)

In the Japanese macaque, semen has been collected by electro-ejaculation (EE), using the higher voltage stimuli compared to other species including genus Macaca. Semen coagulates immediately after ejaculation, which makes difficult to produce high-quality semen for artificial insemination. Recently, semen collection using urethral catheterization (UC) has been reported in carnivore and this technique may allow semen collection without coagulation in a less invasive manner. Further, the temporal preservation temperature and cooling rate of semen during cryopreservation affect post thawing sperm quality. In this study, to improve semen quality and quantity, as well as the animal welfare, semen collection was performed by EE with high (5-15 V) or low (3-6 V) voltage, UC and a combination of the two (EE-UC). It has been suggested that a high voltage is necessary for semen collection, but 10 V stimulation was effective enough and 15 V is for additional sperm collection. Also, liquid semen was collected by EE-UC and this could increase the total number of sperm. Further, to improve the post thawing sperm motility, semen was kept at four temperatures (4, 15, 25 and 37 degrees C) for 60 min, and processed with two cooling procedures (slow cooling before second dilution and fast cooling after second dilution). Holding semen at 25 degrees C and fast cooling after the second dilution maintained progressive motile sperm rate. The present results will contribute to the improvement of semen collection and animal welfare of Japanese macaques