ΛΛ\Lambda\Lambda-ΞN\Xi N-ΣΣ\Sigma\Sigma coupling in ΛΛ 6^{~6}_{\Lambda\Lambda}He with the Nijmegen soft-core potentials

The $\Lambda\Lambda$-$\Xi N$-$\Sigma\Sigma$ coupling in $^{~6}_{\Lambda\Lambda}$He is studied with the [$\alpha$ + $\Lambda$ + $\Lambda$] + [$\alpha$ + $\Xi$ + $N$] + [$\alpha$ + $\Sigma$ + $\Sigma$] model, where the $\alpha$ particle is assumed as a frozen core. We use the Nijmegen soft-core potentials, NSC97e and NSC97f, for the valence baryon-baryon part, and the phenomenological potentials for the $\alpha-B$ parts ($B$=$N$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Sigma$). We find that the calculated $\Delta B_{\Lambda\Lambda}$ of $^{~6}_{\Lambda\Lambda}$He for NSC97e and NSC97f are, respectively, 0.6 and 0.4 MeV in the full coupled-channel calculation, the results of which are about half in comparison with the experimental data, $\Delta B^{exp}_{\Lambda\Lambda}=1.01\pm0.20^{+0.18}_{-0.11}$ MeV. Characteristics of the $S=-2$ sector in the NSC97 potentials are discussed in detail.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure

The Effect of Desuggestopedia on the Writing Competence of the Second Semester Students with Different Temperament, of Fkip Unmas Denpasar

This study aims at investigating the effect of desuggestopedia on writing competence of the second semester students with different temperaments, of FKIP UNMAS Denpasar. The problems of this study were formulated into two major points: 1) the effect of desuggestopedia on students\u27 writing competence, 2) interaction between desuggestopedia and the temperament. This study was designed with experimental research and instruments being used were lesson plans, posttest, writing rubric, and questionnaire. It used intact random sampling which is one type of probability sampling technique. As a result, two classes from seven classes were chosen, one as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The research instruments used to obtain the data in this research were in the form of tests which were analyzed using descriptive analysis and Statistical Two-Way ANOVA. There were 2 findings in this research: 1) there was significant different effect on students\u27 writing competence between the students who were taught by using Desuggestopedia and those who were taught by conventional technique, 2) there was not significant interaction effect between desuggestopedia and students\u27 temperament on students\u27 writing competence

The Contribution of Rice Farming on Nitrogen Enrichment in Yeh Sungi Watershed, Tabanan Bali

Pelaksanaan program intensifikasi pertanian melalui konsep revolusi hijau membuat meningkatnyaproduksi padi secara dramatis sehingga pada tahun 1984 Indonesia mencapai swa-sembada beras. Uniknya, sebelumtahun 1984 Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara pengimpor beras yang terbesar di dunia. Akan tetapi, disampingprestasi yang spektakular dalam produksi padi, dalam beberapa hal revolusi hijau juga memberi kontribusi dampakyang tidak menguntungkan terhadap ekosistem.Perkembangan pertanian di Bali, khususnya sawah sangat terkaitdengan sistem subak. Subak adalah pengaturan air irigasi tradisional di Bali yang telah dilaksanakan sejak berabadabadyang lalu. Sehubungan dengan masalah di atas, penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Daerah Aliran Sungai(DAS) Yeh Sungi di Kabupaten Tabanan, daerah di bagian barat Bali. Daerah penelitian meliputi delapan subakyaitu: Subak Apit Yeh and Subak Uma Poh di daerah hulu tempat tangkapan air; Subak Padangakitan, Jaka, Sungi I,Bena, dan Subak Tangkub di daerah tengah; dan Subak Gde Gadon I di daerah hilir. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama12 bulan, mulai dari bulan April 2001 hingga Maret 2002. Tujuan penelitian adalah: (1) meneliti tingkat pengayaanhara nitrogen di air irigasi yang berkaitan dengan aplikasi intensif pupuk anorganik di berbagai sistem pertaniandalam sistem subak di Bali; (2) meneliti kualitas lingkungan air, berkaitan dengan tingkat pengayaan hara nitrogendi dalam air irigasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengayaan hara pada air irigasi berkaitan dengan sistempertanian pada sistem subak. Tingkat pengayaan hara di daerah hulu lebih tinggi daripada di daerah tengah dan hiliruntuk N-NO3-; untuk memelihara kelangsungan ekosistem Subak, maka aplikasi pupuk N harus mempertimbangkankandungan hara tersebut dalam air irigasinya. Pelaksanaan pertanian telah menyebabkan pengayaan hara nitrogenyang berlebihan di daerah irigasi, khususnya di daerah tengah maupun hilir yang masing-masing didominasi olehpola pertanian padi-padi-padi dan padi-padi-palawija. Untuk memelihara kelangsungan ekosistem subak, makaaplikasi pupuk nitrogen harus mempertimbangkan kandungan hara di air irigasi.Kata kunci: sistem pertanian padi, pengayaan air irigasi, ekosistem subak. The implementation of agricultural intensification program through the green revolution concept has madethe increasing rice production dramatically and in 1984 Indonesia achieved ice self-sufficiency. Uniquely, before1984 Indonesia was known as the biggest rice importing country in the world. However, beside of spectacularachievement in rice production, green revolution to some cases also contributes less favorable impact to theecosystem. The agricultural development in Bali, particularly rice field is closely related to the subak system. Subakis a traditional model of irrigation water treatment in Bali practiced since centuries ago. The related to abovementionedissues, this research has been conducted at Yeh Sungi watershed in Tabanan District, western part ofBali. The research site includes eight subaks: Subak Apit Yeh and Subak Uma Poh at upstream area of catchmentsarea; Subak Padangakitan, Jaka, Sungi I, Bena, and Subak Tangkub at the middle area; and Subak Gde Gadon I atdownstream area. This research was carried out for 12 months between April 2001 and March 2002. The objectionof this research were: (1) to investigate the water enrichment level of N nutrients in the irrigation water related to theintensive application of inorganic fertilizers at various farming systems in subak system in Bali; (2) to investigatethe water environment quality, related to the water enrichment level of N nutrient in the irrigation water. Research96Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Vol. 6, No. 2, Juli 2003 : 95-106results showed that nutrient enrichment on irrigation water related to farming system on subak ecosystem. The levelof nutrient enrichment at upstream (hulu) area is higher than the middle (tengah) and downstream (hilir) areas for N-NO3-.To maintain the sustainability of subak ecosystem, therefore the application of N fertilizer should considerthose nutrients content in irrigation water. The agricultural practice has caused excessive enrichment of N nutrientsin irrigated area, especially at the middle as well as downstream areas dominated by rice-rice-rice and rice-ricepalawija(second crop) cropping patterns

Description of a domain by a squeezed state in a scalar field theory

The author attempted to describe a domain by using a squeezed state in quantum field theory. An extended squeeze operator was used to construct the state. In a scalar field theory, the author described a domain that the distributions of the condensate and of the fluctuation are Gaussian. The momentum distribution, chaoticity and correlation length were calculated. It was found that the typical value of the momentum is about the inverse of the domain size, and that the chaoticity reflects the ratio of the size of the squeeze region to that of the coherent region. The results indicate that the quantum state of a domain is surmised by these quantities under the assumption that the distributions are Gaussian. As an example, this method was applied to a pion field, and the momentum distribution and the chaoticity were shown.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, a typographical error in the reference is correcte

Hot and Diffuse Clouds near the Galactic Center Probed by Metastable H3+

Using an absorption line from the metastable (J, K) = (3, 3) level of H3+ together with other lines of H3+ and CO observed along several sightlines, we have discovered a vast amount of high temperature (T ~ 250 K) and low density (n ~ 100 cm-3) gas with a large velocity dispersion in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Galaxy, i.e., within 200 pc of the center. Approximately three fourths of the H3+ along the line of sight to the brightest source we observed, the Quintuplet object GCS 3-2, is inferred to be in the CMZ, with the remaining H3+ located in intervening spiral arms. About half of H3+ in the CMZ has velocities near ~ - 100 km s-1 indicating that it is associated with the 180 pc radius Expanding Molecular Ring which approximately forms outer boundary of the CMZ. The other half, with velocities of ~ - 50 km s-1 and ~ 0 km s-1, is probably closer to the center. CO is not very abundant in those clouds. Hot and diffuse gas in which the (3, 3) level is populated was not detected toward several dense clouds and diffuse clouds in the Galactic disk where large column densities of colder H3+ have been reported previously. Thus the newly discovered environment appears to be unique to the CMZ. The large observed H3+ column densities in the CMZ suggests an ionization rate much higher than in the diffuse interstellar medium in the Galactic disk. Our finding that the H3+ in the CMZ is almost entirely in diffuse clouds indicates that the reported volume filling factor (f ≥ 0.1) for n ≥ 104 cm-3 clouds in the CMZ is an overestimate by at least an order of magnitude.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures, 3 table

Nonequilibrium Green's-Function Approach to the Suppression of Rectification at Metal--Mott-Insulator Interfaces

Suppression of rectification at metal--Mott-insulator interfaces, which is previously shown by numerical solutions to the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation and experiments on real devices, is reinvestigated theoretically by nonequilibrium Green's functions. The one-dimensional Hubbard model is used for a Mott insulator. The effects of attached metallic electrodes are incorporated into the self-energy. A scalar potential originating from work-function differences and satisfying the Poisson equation is added to the model. For the electron density, we decompose it into three parts. One is obtained by integrating the local density of states over energy to the midpoint of the electrodes' chemical potentials. The others, obtained by integrating lesser Green's functions, are due to the couplings with the electrodes and correspond to an inflow and an outflow of electrons. In Mott insulators, incoming electrons and holes are extended over the whole system, avoiding further accumulation of charge relative to the case without bias. This induces collective charge transport and results in the suppression of rectification.Comment: 18 pages, Figs. 1(b), 2, and 8 replaced. Corrected typo

Aktivitas Antihiperlipidemia Andrografolid Dari Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. F.) Ness) Secara in Silico

Andrografolid merupakan kandungan utama yang terdapat dalam sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Ness). Andrografolid memiliki aktivitas sebagai antihiperlipidemia. Hiperlipidemia merupakan abnormalitas yang terjadi pada komponen lemak plasma dapat berupa peningkatan kadar kolesterol, trigliserida, LDL atau penurunan HDL. Enzim HMG-CoA Reduktase merupakan enzim yang berperan dalam proses pembentukkan kolesterol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas andrografolid sebagai antihiperlipidemia dengan berikatan pada enzim HMG-CoA Reduktase sehingga sintesis kolesterol akan terhambat. Docking molecular merupakan suatu metode in silico yang digunakan untuk mengetahui aktivitas molecular suatu senyawa. Tahapan dalam penelitian ini meliputi penyiapan database protein dan struktur 3 dimensi andrografolid, optimasi struktur 3 dimensi andrografolid, preparasi protein HMG-CoA Reduktase (3CCW), validasi metode docking dan docking molecular andrografolid pada protein target, analisis afinitas ikatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa andrografolid memiliki aktivitas sebagai antihiperlipidemia melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dengan asam amino SER684 dan LYS 691 pada enzim HMG-CoA reduktase dengan energi sebesar -3,63 kkal/mol, serta memiliki energi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan energi yang dibentuk oleh native ligand yaitu -1,02 kkal/mol

Quark condensates in the chiral bag with the NJL interaction

We discuss the quark condensate of the vacuum inside the baryon. We analyze the 1+1 dimensional chiral bag in analogy with the realistic 3+1 dimensional one. The Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) type interaction is used to investigate the quark condensate in the chiral bag. Considering the strong meson-quark coupling, we solve the mean field solution to the scalar and pseudoscalar channels by including the chiral Casimir effects. The self-consistent equation allows a finite value of the quark condensate and hence a finite dynamical quark mass inside the bag. It is shown that an approximate Cheshire Cat picture holds for massive quarks

H3+ in Diffuse Interstellar Clouds: a Tracer for the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate

Using high resolution infrared spectroscopy we have surveyed twenty sightlines for H3+ absorption. H3+ is detected in eight diffuse cloud sightlines with column densities varying from 0.6x10^14 cm^-2 to 3.9x10^14 cm^-2. This brings to fourteen the total number of diffuse cloud sightlines where H3+ has been detected. These detections are mostly along sightlines concentrated in the Galactic plane, but well dispersed in Galactic longitude. The results imply that abundant H3+ is common in the diffuse interstellar medium. Because of the simple chemistry associated with H3+ production and destruction, these column density measurements can be used in concert with various other data to infer the primary cosmic-ray ionization rate, zeta_p. Values range from 0.5x10^-16 s^-1 to 3x10^-16 s^-1 with an average of 2x10^-16 s^-1. Where H3+ is not detected the upper limits on the ionization rate are consistent with this range. The average value of zeta_p is about an order of magnitude larger than both the canonical rate and rates previously reported by other groups using measurements of OH and HD. The discrepancy is most likely due to inaccurate measurements of rate constants and the omission of effects which were unknown when those studies were performed. We believe that the observed column density of H3+ is the most direct tracer for the cosmic-ray ionization rate due to its simple chemistry. Recent models of diffuse cloud chemistry require cosmic-ray ionization rates on the order of 10^-16 s^-1 to reproduce observed abundances of various atomic and molecular species, in rough accord with our observational findings.Comment: Accepted to ApJ, 35 pages, 5 figures, 5 table