Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

ヒト毛囊組織におけるS100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pの局在

The hair follicle is a highly differentiated structure. In this study, we examined immunohistological localization of S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P using specific monoclonal antibodies. S100A2 was strongly expressed in the entire outer-root sheath (ORS), but more weakly in cuticle and medulla in the bulb. S100A6, S100A7, and S100P were expressed in the innermost cells of ORS. The cuticular area was weakly positive for S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P. S100A4 was expressed in dendritic Langerhans cells and melanocytes. Sebaceous cells were variably immunopositive for S100A2, S100A6, and S100A7. A subset of dermal papilla cells expressed S100A4 and S100A6. None of the antibodies labeled the inner-root sheath. The distinct spatiostructural distributions of the S100 family proteins suggest that each protein is differentially involved in the physiological function of normal hair follicles.ヒト毛囊はきわめて分化した組織であるが, 表皮分化関連蛋白群に属するS100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pの局在に関しては十分な解析がなされていない. 我々はこれらの分子に対する特異抗体を用いて，その局在を免疫組織学的に明らかにした. S100A2 は外毛根鞘(ORS)の全域に強く染色された．毛髄質はS100A2 に弱陽性であった. S100A6，S100A7，S100P はORSの最内層に陽性であった. cuticleは, S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pで弱く染色された. S100A4はランゲルハンス細胞と色素細胞を染色した. 脂腺細胞はS100A2, S100A6, S100A7で部分的に染色されたが, その染色パターンは異なっていた. 毛乳頭細胞は部分的にS100A4, S100A6に陽性であった. 内毛根鞘はどの抗体でも染色されなかった. 異なる局在を示すことから, これらのS100蛋白は毛囊脂腺系において異なった働きを担っていると考えられた

Localization of S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P in the Human Hair Follicle

The hair follicle is a highly differentiated structure. In this study, we examined immunohistological localization of S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P using specific monoclonal antibodies. S100A2 was strongly expressed in the entire outer-root sheath (ORS), but more weakly in cuticle and medulla in the bulb. S100A6, S100A7, and S100P were expressed in the innermost cells of ORS. The cuticular area was weakly positive for S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P. S100A4 was expressed in dendritic Langerhans cells and melanocytes. Sebaceous cells were variably immunopositive for S100A2, S100A6, and S100A7. A subset of dermal papilla cells expressed S100A4 and S100A6. None of the antibodies labeled the inner-root sheath. The distinct spatiostructural distributions of the S100 family proteins suggest that each protein is differentially involved in the physiological function of normal hair follicles.ヒト毛囊はきわめて分化した組織であるが, 表皮分化関連蛋白群に属するS100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pの局在に関しては十分な解析がなされていない. 我々はこれらの分子に対する特異抗体を用いて，その局在を免疫組織学的に明らかにした. S100A2 は外毛根鞘(ORS)の全域に強く染色された．毛髄質はS100A2 に弱陽性であった. S100A6，S100A7，S100P はORSの最内層に陽性であった. cuticleは, S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pで弱く染色された. S100A4はランゲルハンス細胞と色素細胞を染色した. 脂腺細胞はS100A2, S100A6, S100A7で部分的に染色されたが, その染色パターンは異なっていた. 毛乳頭細胞は部分的にS100A4, S100A6に陽性であった. 内毛根鞘はどの抗体でも染色されなかった. 異なる局在を示すことから, これらのS100蛋白は毛囊脂腺系において異なった働きを担っていると考えられた