Role of Immunopathology in Clinical Course of Malaria: A Review

Malaria is a major health problem in various parts of the world especially affecting the tropical countries. It affects the vital organs causing severe complicated malaria. Clinical syndromes like severe cerebral anaemia, coagulation abnormalities, respiratory distress and severe anaemia can increase the mortality of malaria infected cases. Variation in individual susceptibility and severity and type of clinical presentations of malaria raises the need for study of both the parasite and host immune reactions as well as the contribution of inflammatory cytokines in malaria pathogenesis. This study explored the immunopathological basis and advances of severe malaria and their importance in pathogenesis of malaria and its complications. Previous and ongoing studies indicate that changes in endothelium during the sequestration of parasites in organs causes disruption of endothelial barrier function leading to serious effects of malaria. Parasite and host factors contribute to disturbance of cytokine regulation and escape of parasites from the immune system of the host. Immunopathological changes and dysregulation of cytokine production play central role in pathogenesis and disease severity in malaria

Incremental learning algorithm based on support vector machine with Mahalanobis distance (ISVMM) for intrusion prevention

In this paper we propose a new classifier called an incremental learning algorithm based on support vector machine with Mahalanobis distance (ISVMM). Prediction of the incoming data type by supervised learning of support vector machine (SVM), reducing the step of calculation and complexity of the algorithm by finding a support set, error set and remaining set, providing of hard and soft decisions, saving the time for repeatedly training the datasets by applying the incremental learning, a new approach for building an ellipsoidal kernel for multidimensional data instead of a sphere kernel by using Mahalanobis distance, and the concept of handling the covariance matrix from dividing by zero are various features of this new algorithm. To evaluate the classification performance of the algorithm, it was applied on intrusion prevention by employing the data from the third international knowledge discovery and data mining tools competition (KDDcup'99). According to the experimental results, ISVMM can predict well on all of the 41 features of incoming datasets without even reducing the enlarged dimensions and it can compete with the similar algorithm which uses a Euclidean measurement at the kernel distance

Resilient Organization Roadmap for Sustained Organization using a Generative Approach: A Case of Landesa Myanmar

The global pandemic and political situation in Myanmar disrupted the country’s economy and put at risk of gradual economic progress. Ongoing programs for the rural communities are facing adversities and Landesa Myanmar is no exception. The reactions of employees and organization are critical for organizational sustainability and employees need to understand the factors governing the resilience and applications of those factors in organizational resiliency. The research was conducted to co-create the roadmap of organizational resiliency by using quick SOAR analysis to discover the strengths of the employees and to explore the shared aspirations of employees. In this study, qualitative method with phenomenology research approach was applied, and data were gathered via structured interviews. Fifteen employees from different level positions were horizontally selected to participate in the research.  Data from interviews were analyzed by using content analysis with three coders consists of the researcher, another coder from outside of the organization and one from the respondents. The MAXQDA 2020 software was also used to double checking the relevancy of the results. The findings show that strengths and aspirations are core elements to achieve resilient organization towards the sustained organization. The components of strengths include three stages of resilience, Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment and Appreciative Resilience practices of leadership built from AI. The aspirations include future of organization, employees’ contributions, success of organization and difference between now and after crisis. Finally, the roadmap of organizational resilience is generated based on the strengths and aspirations of employees for enhancing organizational resilience and sustainability

The diagnostic values and laboratory feasibility of identifying breast cancer stem cells concurrently with telomerase expression, with their Putative role in metastasis, recurrence & therapeutic refractoriness.

Two novel concepts have been emerged in breast cancer biology: the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in tumor initiation, and the Telomerase role in cell division and keeping the CSC immortal, as well as avoiding senesence. CSC are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors that initiat the tumor, and renew their self, as well as giving rise to a large population of differentiated progeny that constitute the bulk of the tumor. Telomerase is the intracellular reverse transecriptase responsible for the elongation of chromosomal telomer, which progressively shorten with ongoing cell division. The objective of this study is to analyse and determine the prevelance, and significance of CSC, and Telomerase activity, in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma, and correlation inbetween these concepts, then to determine the diagnostic importance as well as clinical implication and laboratory feasibility of identifying CSC, and telomerase activity in routine clinical practice. A total of 167 surgically resected primary invasive breast carcinomas, were retrieved from the archive of the Pathology Department , QEH. Specimens were obtained from patients who underwent surgery between January 2011 and March 2013. We analysed the immunohistochemical localization of the breast CSC markers CD44 and CD24, by double staining IHC technique, as well as Telomerase activity, in formaline fixed parafin embedded tissue of 167 case of invasive breast cancer, the result was validated by double staining immunoflourecent, which has done on 10% of the cases. The results from this large clinical study showed that The CSC was significantly increased in node-positive tumours (p<0.0001), and n high grade (III) tumors (p<0.0001), so CSC are independent, negative prognostic factor, its presence indicate poor prognosis, there was considerable high incidence of CSC expression in metastatic lymph node lesion compared to primary tumor (p-0.000), CSC was more prevalent and in significant number in ductal carcinoma insitu comparing to its invasive counterpart (p- 0.001),. There was no significant correlation observed in between Telomerase activity and tumor grade, size, lympho-vascular permeation, lymph node status, ER, PR, Her2, and skin or nipple involvement, but there was considerable high incidence of Telomerase expression in metastatic lymph node lesion. Its wise to conclude that increase number of CSC in DOS lesion regarded as an intial step in the stromal invasion and propagation of breast cancer, and high prevalence of CSC, promoting tumor invasivness and metastasis. There is no association or significant correlation between the existence of CSC and detection of Tel om erase activity in tumor cells. Finally, we can conclude that the currently used detection methods for CSC are not efficient to identify this subtype of tumor cell. The clinical relevance on prognosis and therapy response has to be further evaluated in a prospective trial

言語横断型音声類似度指標の開発

国立大学法人長岡技術科学大

Functional outcome of hindfoot arthrodesis in charcot arthropathy

Charcot arthropathy is a devastating degenerative condition which affects one or more joints that is marked by joint instability, hypermobility resulted from peripheral nerve damage. This was a retrospective study performed on patients who were diagnosed with Charcot arthropathy and those underwent surgery for hindfoot arthrodesis at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre from January 2011 until June 2016. The objective of the study was to review the feasibility of an algorithm in managing Charcot arthropathy and to assess functional, clinical and radiographic outcomes of Charcot arthropathy joints treated with hindfoot arthrodesis, at least 6 months follow-up using standardized and internationally accepted scoring systems, which were the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery (AOFAS) score and SF36. A total of 16 patients were included in this study of which 4 (25%) were males and 12 (75%) were females. The mean age was 58.1 (20-71) years. There was equal distribution for side of fusion. We achieved union in 13 out of our 16 (81%) cases followed up. Out of the 3 patients with non-union, 2 were attributed to deep infections. The AOFAS scores for hindfoot and midfoot showed significant improvement post operatively with p-value <0.05 as well as the SF36 mental scores with p-value <0.05. The Physical Component of SF36 showed no improvement. The treatment algorithm currently used in our centre is acceptable and shows good outcomes. While the outcomes are of acceptable rates, efforts should now focus on reducing the complications as the burden of infection and non-union remains a known complication for most bone-related surgeries

Effect of taking chicken essence on cognitive functioning of normal stressed human volunteers

Objective: This study evaluates the effect of a commercial brand of chicken essence (BEC) on the various parameters related to stress and cognition of human volunteers. BEC is produced by a hot-water extraction process from chicken meat under high pressure conditions. It contains concentrated amounts of proteins, amino acids and peptides such as carnosine compared to homemade traditional chicken soup. Due to the unique extraction process, it has been postulated that readily absorbed amino acids and bioactive peptides are present in BEC. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect BEC in comparison with a placebo on a group of distressed medical students. Students were randomly divided into two groups and given either BEC or a placebo drink daily for two weeks.Before and after the two weeks, the students were given a series of tests to asses their level of cognitive functioning and perceived stress level while being monitored for EEG recording. The combination of these tests, namely Digit span, Arithmetic and Letter-number sequencing, generally assessed the student's attention and working memory. Results: The working memory performance of student's who ingested essence of chicken was found to be significantly better than those who consumed placebo when data comparing baseline and after two weeks consumption were compared. Conclusion: This study seems to suggest that essence of chicken has positive effects on the subjects' cognitive functions

Burden of Stroke in Myanmar

Myanmar is home to over 51 million people. The age- and sex-standardized mortality rate due to stroke is 165.4/100,000, while the rate of age- and sex-standardized disability-adjusted life years lost due to stroke is 2971.3/100,000. The prevalence of stroke among adults aged 40–99 years is 1.5%. Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and comprises 20% of the neurological workload. There are only 10 stroke units in the whole country. Doctors are aware of the importance of hypertension in stroke prevention and the need for physiotherapy after stroke, but, until recently and in rural areas, they also tend to use steroids and neuroprotectants, and lower blood pressure aggressively acutely after stroke; antiplatelets are not widely used. Thrombolysis service is available at some tertiary centers but mechanical thrombectomy is not yet available

Effect of Murdannia edulis Faden roots on serum prolactin level and mammary glands of lactating female albino rats

Background: Murdannia edulis (Stokes) Faden (Myit-Cho in Myanmar) is a herb which has widely been used to induce or increase lactation by ethnic groups living in Tamu township of Sagaing division in Myanmar. This study aimed to explore the effect of Murdannia edulis on serum prolactin level and mammary glands of the lactating female rats. Methods: The type of the study was laboratory based experimental study. Thirty-six lactating dams were divided into six groups of 6 lactating rats in each group (n=6), namely group I (normal saline) as control, group II (5 mg/kg metoclopramide) as standard, groups III and IV (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg watery extract of Murdannia edulis), groups V and VI (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg ethanolic extract of Murdannia edulis), respectively. The extract and the drugs were orally administered from day 4 to 15 of lactation. At 16 days of lactation, the heart blood of lactating dams was collected under chloroform anaesthesia and serum prolactin level of dams was measured by using ELISA kit. The histological changes of mammary glands of the rats were also assessed. Results: The significant higher serum prolactin level were seen in ethanolic extract 2 gm/kg body weight treated group when compared to control. Histology of mammary glands in ethanolic extract treated rats showed stimulation of lobuloalveolar cell development. Conclusions: The lactogenic activity of the roots of Murdannia edulis may be due to promoting prolactin secretion and lobuloalveolar cell development of mammary glands