Viral respiratory tract infections in young children with cystic fibrosis: a prospective full-year seasonal study

Viral respiratory tract infections are common during early childhood. How they impact cystic fibrosis lung disease history in young children is poorly known. The principal aim of our study was to determinate respiratory tract infections frequency in this cystic fibrosis young population. Secondary outcomes were nature of viral agents recovered and impact of such infections

Climatic Variables

This files contains following informations: "gravel.g", "%_WFPS", "soil_temperature_celciusdeg", "Nb_FrostDays", "mean_Growth_Season_Length", "Topographical_Wetness_Index", "Topographic_Position_Index", "altitude_m", "mean.solar.gain.W.m2.10e5", "variance_Growth_Season_Length". Further description of the sampling and variables is descripted in the Mat&Met section of the pape

Soil properties variables

This files contains following informations: "pH", "apparent_density_g.cm3", "%_total_porosity", "%_N_total", "%_organic_matter", "%_slope" Further description of the sampling and variables is descripted in the Mat&Met section of the pape

Functions of the main script

This script holds the necessary functions to run the main script and reproduce data formatting & path analyses of "Multi-trophic β-diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions

Data from: Multi-trophic β-diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions

1. Much effort has been devoted to better understanding the effects of environment and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. However, few studies have moved beyond measuring biodiversity as species richness of a single group and/or focusing on a single ecosystem function. While there is a growing recognition that along environmental gradients, the compositional turnover of multiple trophic groups influences not only productivity but multiple ecosystem functions, we do not know yet which components of multi-trophic β-diversity influence which ecosystem functions. 2. Here, we captured the biodiversity found in soils using environmental DNA to study total soil multi-trophic β-diversity (between all taxa regardless of their trophic group association), horizontal β-diversities (β-diversities within trophic groups) and vertical β-diversity (β-diversity across trophic groups) along a 1000-m elevational gradient in the French Alps. Using path analyses, we quantified how these β-diversity components mediate the effects of environmental turnover on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions (i.e. productivity, N-cycling, N-leaching) and overall multifunctionality. 3. While we found a strong direct effect of soil properties on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions, we also found an indirect effect of climate and soil properties through multi-trophic β-diversity. More specifically, only total multi-trophic β-diversity and the horizontal β-diversity of saprophytic fungi were strongly related to the turnover of multifunctionality and, to a lower extent, the turnover of productivity and N-cycling. Our results suggest that decomposition processes and resulting nutrient availability are key to understand how ecosystem functions change along soil properties and climatic gradients in alpine ecosystems. 4. Beyond alpine systems, our study stresses the paramount importance of considering the mediating role of multi-trophic diversity in environmental change impacts on different ecosystem functions and their multifunctionality

OTUs from several metabarcoding markors

This data file contains raw OTUs from several metabarcoding markors (18S = all Eukaryots, AR = archea, BA = bacteria, FU = Fungi, GH = plants) For each marker, two files are provided, the "motu" one corresponds to taxonomic assignations of each MOTU, the "mxp" one is the motu*plot matrix. These informations allow to reproduce the trophic groups and the code is provided belo

Main script to process, format and analyse environmental, multi-trophic and ecosystem functions data

This script will allow the user to reproduce the main figures and analyses of "Multi-trophic β-diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions". In particular, it built environmental and ecosystem functioning turnover matrices, built trophic groups and computes multiple assets of multi-trophic ß-diversity and computes multiple path analyses using lavaan. The associated script of functions is necessary to run this script

Ecosystem functions

This files contains following informations: "ratio_C_N","leaching_NO3_µg_g","leaching_NH4_µg_g","N_NH4_produit_µgN_g_sol_j", #"ratio_N_DON_N_NO3&N_NH4","ratio_N_TDN_N_total","total_green_biomass_g_m2","NDVI_mean","NDVI_variance" Further description of the sampling and variables is descripted in the Mat&Met section of the pape

Multi‐trophic β‐diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions

International audience1. Much effort has been devoted to better understanding the effects of environment and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. However, few studies have moved beyond measuring biodiversity as species richness of a single group and/or focusing on a single ecosystem function. While there is a growing recognition that along environmental gradients, the compositional turnover of multiple trophic groups influences not only productivity but multiple ecosystem functions, we do not know yet which components of multi‐trophic β‐diversity influence which ecosystem functions.2. Here, we captured the biodiversity found in soils using environmental DNA to study total soil multi‐trophic β‐diversity (between all taxa regardless of their trophic group association), horizontal β‐diversities (β‐diversities within trophic groups) and vertical β‐diversity (β‐diversity across trophic groups) along a 1,000 m elevational gradient in the French Alps. Using path analyses, we quantified how these β‐diversity components mediate the effects of environmental turnover on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions (i.e. productivity, N‐cycling, N‐leaching) and overall multifunctionality. 3. While we found a strong direct effect of soil properties on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions, we also found an indirect effect of climate and soil properties through multi‐trophic β‐diversity. More specifically, only total multi‐trophic β‐diversity and the horizontal β‐diversity of saprophytic fungi were strongly related to the turnover of multifunctionality and, to a lower extent, the turnover of productivity and N‐cycling. Our results suggest that decomposition processes and resulting nutrient availability are key to understand how ecosystem functions change along soil properties and climatic gradients in alpine ecosystems.4. By demonstrating how saprophytic fungi and their associated trophic groups can offset the direct responses of multiple ecosystem functions to environmental change, our study highlights the paramount importance of multi‐trophic diversity for better understanding ecosystem multifunctionality in a changing world

Rescue of Pap-Mas in Systemic JIA Using Janus Kinase Inhibitors, Case Report and Systematic Review

Introduction: Biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) targeting interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β represent a steroid-sparing first-line therapy used in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Recently, the occurrence of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in sJIA patients was reported with early-onset and exposure to bDMARDs as potential risk factors. We report on a new case with longitudinal immunomonitoring successfully treated by Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKi) and review past clinical descriptions of this new entity. Methods: We report one case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and macrophage activation syndrome (PAP-MAS) with longitudinal immunomonitoring. We then conducted a review of the literature of seven publications reporting 107 cases of PAP-MAS sJIA, and included the main characteristics and evolution under treatment. Results: Of the seven articles analyzed, the incidence of PAP-MAS among sJIA patients varied from 1.28% to 12.9%. We report here a single case among a cohort of 537 sJIA patients followed in the pediatric department of the Hospices Civils de Lyon over the last 15 years. This child presented with all clinical and immunological characteristics of PAP-MAS. After several lines of treatment, he benefited from JAKi and improved with respect to both systemic symptoms and lung disease. In the literature, strategies with monoclonal antibodies targeting either INF-γ or IL-1β/IL-18 have been tested with variable results. Orally taken JAKi presents the advantage of targeting multiple cytokines and avoiding parenteral injections of monoclonal antibodies that may contribute to the pathogenesis. Conclusions: JAKi represent a promising option in the treatment of lung disease associated with sJIA