20 research outputs found
First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Ionization cone, clumpy star formation and shocks in a extremely red quasar host
Massive galaxies formed most actively at redshifts during the period
known as `cosmic noon.' Here we present an emission-line study of an extremely
red quasar SDSSJ165202.64+172852.3 host galaxy at , based on
observations with the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral field unit
(IFU) on board JWST. We use standard emission-line diagnostic ratios to map the
sources of gas ionization across the host and a swarm of companion galaxies.
The quasar dominates the photoionization, but we also discover shock-excited
regions orthogonal to the ionization cone and the quasar-driven outflow. These
shocks could be merger-induced or -- more likely, given the presence of a
powerful galactic-scale quasar outflow -- these are signatures of wide-angle
outflows that can reach parts of the galaxy that are not directly illuminated
by the quasar. Finally, the kinematically narrow emission associated with the
host galaxy presents as a collection of 1 kpc-scale clumps forming stars at a
rate of at least 200 yr. The ISM within these clumps shows
high electron densities, reaching up to 3,000 cm with metallicities
ranging from half to a third solar with a positive metallicity gradient and V
band extinctions up to 3 magnitudes. The star formation conditions are far more
extreme in these regions than in local star-forming galaxies but consistent
with that of massive galaxies at cosmic noon. JWST observations reveal an
archetypical rapidly forming massive galaxy undergoing a merger, a clumpy
starburst, an episode of obscured near-Eddington quasar activity, and an
extremely powerful quasar outflow simultaneously.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: The Warm Ionized Gas Outflow in z ~ 1.6 Quasar XID 2028 and its Impact on the Host Galaxy
Quasar feedback may regulate the growth of supermassive black holes, quench
coeval star formation, and impact galaxy morphology and the circumgalactic
medium. However, direct evidence for quasar feedback in action at the epoch of
peak black hole accretion at z ~ 2 remains elusive. A good case in point is the
z = 1.6 quasar WISEA J100211.29+013706.7 (XID 2028) where past analyses of the
same ground-based data have come to different conclusions. Here we revisit this
object with the integral field unit of the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)
on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of Early Release Science
program Q3D. The excellent angular resolution and sensitivity of the JWST data
reveal new morphological and kinematic sub-structures in the outflowing gas
plume. An analysis of the emission line ratios indicates that photoionization
by the central quasar dominates the ionization state of the gas with no obvious
sign for a major contribution from hot young stars anywhere in the host galaxy.
Rest-frame near-ultraviolet emission aligned along the wide-angle cone of
outflowing gas is interpreted as a scattering cone. The outflow has cleared a
channel in the dusty host galaxy through which some of the quasar ionizing
radiation is able to escape and heat the surrounding interstellar and
circumgalactic media. The warm ionized outflow is not powerful enough to impact
the host galaxy via mechanical feedback, but radiative feedback by the AGN,
aided by the outflow, may help explain the unusually small molecular gas mass
fraction in the galaxy host.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb
Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period.
We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments,
and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch
expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of
achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the
board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases,
JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite
have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range
that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through
observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies,
expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling
for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least .
With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000
people realized that vision as the James Webb Space Telescope. A
generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of
the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the
scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000
team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image
quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief
history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing
program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite
detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space
Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure
Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence: Relations Between Parent-Child Concordance and Children’s Adjustment
Effects of Breast Milk Feedings versus Formula Feedings on Health and Developmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants: Systematic Literature Review
Background: Gestation is the period of time between conception and birth. Infants being born between 20 and 37 weeks before completion of pregnancy are considered preterm. Infants who are born preterm are at risk for an abundance of acute and long-term complications related to health and development. Some of these include necrotizing enterocolitis, lack of lung surfactant, feeding intolerance, and infection. Since preterm infants are more prone to contract infections due to their underdeveloped immune systems, there has long been a debate whether mother’s breast milk versus formula milk is more beneficial in the growth and development of the preterm infant. The purpose of this project was to explore the health and development outcomes in breastfed babies versus formula fed babies. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic literature review is to determine the benefits of breastfeeding on a preterm infant’s development and health compared to formula feeding. Methodology: Studies have been systematically reviewed using the John Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model. Databases used include MEDLINE Complete, PubMed, CINAHL, and Complementary Index. Keywords used to facilitate our search include preterm infants, breastfeeding, breast milk, formula feeding, development, and growth. A PRISMA Flow Diagram summarizes our systematic research screening process based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty articles were appraised for evidence and quality levels before analysis of results. Results: Preliminary results suggest that breastfeeding supplies infants with the most benefits for their development and their health. Final analysis will be shared at the Symposium
Effect of hypoxia and exogenous IL-10 on the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the anti-angiogenic molecule soluble Flt-1 in placental villous explants
The placenta plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Insufficient trophoblast invasion within the placenta can cause focal regions of ischaemia/hypoxia that, in turn, may stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines are thought to cause endothelial cell activation and dysfunction, resulting in the clinical signs of preeclampsia. In addition to insufficient trophoblast invasion, the presence of inadequate maternal vasculature remodelling by trophoblasts also leads to changes in angiogenesis that may result from variations in the inflammatory cytokine profile. This study examined changes in the protein levels of IL-10 (immunoregulatory), TNF-α (pro-inflammatory) and sFlt-1 (anti-angiogenic) in normal term placentas under different oxygen tensions. The second aim was to determine if the link between varying levels of the cytokine, IL-10, and the expression/release of TNF-α was oxygen dependent, and whether there was a concurrent change in sFlt-1. Normal term placentas (n = 6) were cultured at three different oxygen tensions (2%, 8% or 21%) in the presence or absence of exogenous IL-10. Protein (TNF-α and sFlt-1) secretion was measured using commercial ELISA kits, and qRT-PCR was used to examine gene expression. Placental IL-10 release was significantly reduced at 2% oxygen when compared to 8% (p = 0.045) and 21% (p = 0.013). Expression of TNF-α and sFlt-1 was not significantly different. Exogenous IL-10 significantly reduced TNF-a protein levels only when explants were cultured in 2% oxygen (p = 0.05). Soluble Flt-1 protein secretion was unaffected by the addition of IL-10 at any of the oxygen tensions tested. Conclusion: TNF-α release can be inhibited in vitro by IL-10 under hypoxic conditions. However, IL-10 has no affect on sFlt-1 in term placentas, suggesting that these molecules act either via different pathways, or if linked, may be so at different stages of placental development
A Comparison Study of Coping, Family Problem-Solving and Emotional Status in Victims of Domestic Violence
Management of Type 1 diabetes in a limited resource context: A study of the diabetes research education and management trust model in Nagpur, Central India
Background/Objective: Diabetes Research Education and Management (DREAM) Trust (DT) is a charitable organisation that offers free insulin and healthcare to children and youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in central India. We systematically describe DT's model of care and evaluate medical and sociodemographic factors influencing glycaemic control in this resource-poor setting. Methods: Study of DT patients diagnosed with T1D <16 years old and followed at DT ≥1 year. Participants completed an interview, retrospective chart review and prospective haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurements. Uni- and multi-variate linear regressions determined factors associated with HbA1c. Percentage of underweight patients (as proxy for glycaemic control) was compared at presentation to DT versus time of interview. Results: A total of 102 DT patients (51% female) completed the interview and chart review. 74 had HbA1c measured. Median HbA1c was 10.4% (90.2 mmol/mol). In multivariate regression, higher HbA1c was independently associated with higher insulin dose/kg (P < 0.001) and holding a below the poverty line certificate (P = 0.004). There was no association between HbA1c and age, sex, caste, religion or experience of stigma. However, the psychosocial burden of T1D (expressed as concern about others learning about the diagnosis, and worry about the future), and experience of stigma were substantial. Percentage of patients with underweight body mass index was significantly lower at the time of study vs. presentation to DT (P = 0.005). Conclusions: The DT charitable programme overcomes social status, gender inequalities and experience of social stigma to provide life-saving treatment to children with T1D in central India. Glycaemic control remains inadequate however, with children living in extreme poverty most at risk