Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Model: A Tool for Water Quality Interpretation

The lack of standard water analysis equipment as well as inadequate trained personnel especially in the developing countries has discouraged many researchers in such countries to execute water quality researches. Hence, this paper presents developed mathematical relationship among some physicochemical parameters in order to aid the determination of the concentrations of certain parameters with the use of minimal equipment. This was achieved by weekly analyzing 7 physicochemical parameters of two sources of potable water (tap water and borehole water) stored in different containers for a period of 6 weeks using standard methods. The storage containers used were black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. The parameters examined were turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, alkalinity, chloride ion (Cl-), dissolved oxygen (DO) and total hardness. Results showed that the relationship between electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity (Alk), total hardness (TH) and chloride ion (Cl-) is given as; EC = -224.8066493 + 6.244028022(Alk) + 0.28204735(TH) + 0.000518108(Cl-). A programing language was written on the models using Visual Basic.Net (VB.Net) version 2018. Keywords: Water, Physicochemical, Parameters, Function, Equation

Water quality assessment and mapping using inverse distance weighted interpolation: a case of River Kaduna, Nigeria

Several researchers have studied the water quality of the upper and lower stretches of River Kaduna with little on the middle stretch of the river. Besides, no work has ever been done on mapping the water quality of the said river. Hence, the middle stretc h of River Kaduna was monitored for 12 months starting from June, 2016 to May, 2017, covering both rainy and dry seasons in 15 sampling locations to generate data for water quality mapping. However, eight water quality parameters were analyzed namely; temp erature, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen and total phosphorus using standard methods. Rainy season results were separated from dry season results and were used in mapping the wa ter quality of the river for both seasons using ArcGIS 10.5. It was concluded that the water temperature of the river was within the permissible limit set by U.S. EPA during both seasons while the other water quality parameters apart from turbidity and pH deteriorated more during dry season. In addition, COD and total phosphorus were found to be the only parameters that never met the requirement set by U.S. EPA throughout the sampling period irrespective of the sampling location and season. This is because the least measured concentrations of COD and total phosphorus were 35.34 mg/l and 0.109 mg/l, respectively. It was recommended that farming activities at the river banks should be banned as the fertilizers used by farmers easily drain into the river and in crease the phosphorus and COD concentrations. Key words: River, Kaduna, Interpolation, GIS Map, Water Quality

Land Use-Land Cover Effects on Surface Flowing Water Quality: A Statistical Approach

The drainage basin surrounding River Kaduna within the middle stretch is known to have numerous land uses and land covers. Several researchers have investigated the water quality of the river with respect to season and surrounding geology. However, none or little on the water quality of the river have been investigated with respect to land use and land cover (LULC). Hence, this paper examined the water quality of the middle stretch of the river in relation to the different land uses and land covers present using statistical techniques. This was achieved by monthly analyzing 10 physicochemical parameters from water samples collected in 15 sampling stations for a period of 12 calendar months using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters considered include; turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, chloride ion and electrical conductivity. Others include dissolved oxygen, 5-days biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The different LULC of the watershed obtained via ArcGIS 10.5 were agricultural, vegetation, built-up, industrial, water body and bare surface. Spearman’s correlation analysis between laboratory results and the different LULCs determined via SPSS version 20 revealed that Built-up, industrial, and agricultural land uses contributes significantly to the impairment of River Kaduna water quality as the correlation coefficients between these LULCs and water quality deterioration ranged from 0.0281 to 0.6901. Nevertheless, a significant negative correlation (-0.1482 to -0.5490) exist between vegetation (forest coverage) and water quality deterioration, suggesting that forest cover can mitigate the deterioration of water quality to a certain degree

Land Use-Land Cover Effects on Surface Flowing Water Quality: A Statistical Approach

The drainage basin surrounding River Kaduna within the middle stretch is known to have numerous land uses and land covers. Several researchers have investigated the water quality of the river with respect to season and surrounding geology. However, none or little on the water quality of the river have been investigated with respect to land use and land cover (LULC). Hence, this paper examined the water quality of the middle stretch of the river in relation to the different land uses and land covers present using statistical techniques. This was achieved by monthly analyzing 10 physicochemical parameters from water samples collected in 15 sampling stations for a period of 12 calendar months using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters considered are; turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, chloride ion and electrical conductivity. Others include dissolved oxygen, 5-days biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The different LULC of the watershed obtained via ArcGIS 10.5 were agricultural, vegetation, built-up, industrial, water body and bare surface. Spearman’s correlation analysis between laboratory results and the different LULCs determined via SPSS version 20 revealed that Built-up, industrial, and agricultural land uses contributes significantly to the impairment of River Kaduna water quality as the correlation coefficients between these LULCs and water quality deterioration ranged from 0.0281 to 0.6901. Nevertheless, there was a significant negative correlation (-0.1482 to -0.5490) between vegetation (forest coverage) and water quality deterioration, suggesting that forest cover can mitigate the deterioration of water quality to a certain degree

Comparative Studies Between Aluminium Sulphate, Moringa Seed and Green Plantain Peel as Coagulants

Aluminium sulphate (alum) is the most commonly and widely used coagulant in water treatment plants however, literatures have revealed that it has certain setbacks that needs to be addressed including imparting acidity and hardness to water. Hence, the coagulation capacities of the seeds of moringa (Moringa oleifera) and peels of unripe or green plantain (Musa paradisiaca) which are abundantly available and currently considered as waste in most developing countries, were investigated in comparison with alum. This was achieved by using standard methods to treat raw water at different dosages of coagulants (100-600mg/l) prepared from moringa seed and plantain peel, and comparing the performances of these coagulants with that of aluminium sulphate (alum) used in treating same raw water at same dosages. Parameters checked are turbidity, pH and hardness. Results showed that alum performed best in terms of turbidity removal followed by moringa seed solution and then plantain peel solution. This is because alum reduced the water turbidity by 99.94% at an optimum dosage of 100mg/l while moringa seed and plantain peel solutions reduced the turbidity by 80.27% at 300mg/l and 63.99% at 500mg/l respectively. Nevertheless, it was noted that at optimum dosage of alum, the water pH was reduced from 6.7 to 6.2 as against the WHO permissible limits (6.5 – 8.5), and the harness level was increased by 22.43%. On the contrary, at the optimum dosages of moringa seed and plantain peel solutions, the pH were raised to 7.3 and 7.5 respectively, which is within the permissible limits and also, the hardness levels were reduced by 13.41% and 8.52% respectively. It was concluded that moringa seed solution could replace alum successfully but plantain peel solution needs modifications in order to improve the turbidity removal capacity before replacing alum although, it could be used in the absence of other conventional coagulants. Cite as: Ogbozige FJ, Nwobu HU. Comparative studies between aluminium sulphate, moringa seed and green plantain peel as coagulants. Alger. J. Eng. Technol. 2021, 5:9-13.  http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.5526253 References Nystrom F, Nordqvist K, Herrmann I, Hedstrom A, Viklander M. Laboratory scale evaluation of coagulants for treatment of stormwater. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020; 36: 1012-10126. Miranda R, Latour I, Blanco A. Understanding the efficiency of aluminum coagulants used in dissolved air flotation (DAF). Frontiers in Chemistry. 2020; 8: 1-14. Krupinska I. Aluminium drinking water treatment residuals and their toxic impact on human health. MDPI Molecules. 2020; 25(3): 1-13. Beyene HD, Hailegebrial TD, Dirersa WB. Investigation of coagulation activity of cactus powder in water treatment. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2016; 1-10. Olumba CC, Onunka CN. Banana and plantain in West Africa: Production and marketing. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2020; (20)2: 15474-15489. Ibrahim NH, Jin OJ, Muhamad NJ, Ishak WR. Physicochemical properties and stability of Moringa oleifera seed oil-in-water emulsions as affected by different types of polysaccharide and emulsifier. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 2019; 324-329. Oyawaluja AA, Oiseoghaedec JO, Odukoya OA, Aluko TE. Extraction and estimation of pectins from unripe, ripe and overripe banana (Musa acuminata l.) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca l.) peels and their antioxidant activities. J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 16(1): 87-96. Uzukwu PU, Leton TG, Jamabo NA. Seasonal variations in some physico-chemical parameters of the upper reach of the new Calabar river. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014; 3(1): 8-11. Okoya AA, Olaiya OO, Akinyele AB, Ochor NO. Efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed husk as adsorptive agent for trihalomethanes from a water treatment plant in southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi), 2020; 1-11. Emenike PC, Omole DO, Ngene BU, Tenebe IT. Assessment of KOH-activated unripe Musa paradisiaca peel for adsorption of copper from aqueous solution. Cogent Engineering (Taylor & Francis). 2017; 4:1-13. Aziz NA, Jayasuriya N, Fan L. Adsorption study on Moringa oleifera seeds and Musa cavendish as natural water purification agents for removal of lead, nickel and cadmium from drinking water. A paper presented at Soft IOP Soil Engineering International Conference (SEIC2015). 2015; 1-9

Drinkable Water Stored in Hot Climates: Interactions among Water Quality Parameters

The lack of water mostly in the arid regions of the world has triggered water users to store water in different container materials. The situation is more pronounced in countries having epileptic power supply since pumping of groundwater whenever needed could not be guaranteed due to poor power supply. However, most water users bothered not about the quality of the water during storage. Hence, this paper investigated the chemistry of stored water especially in the arid regions which are usually known to have high solar heating during the dry season. In order to achieve this aim, two sources of potable water (tap and borehole water) were stored in twelve water storage containers (six for each water source) for a period of six weeks. The containers include black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. However, the water quality parameters examined were temperature, colour, total solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorine content, pH, total hardness, and total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) which were all analyzed at a sampling frequency of seven days interval. Results showed that the colour of both water sources stored in uncoated steel metal tanks stretched from 5 TCU – 20 TCU, which indicates that the colour of water stored in these tanks were above the limit set by WHO (15 TCU) during certain period of storage. Similarly, values/concentrations of pH and THB in all the storage containers were found to exceed the limits set by WHO standard during certain periods (weeks) of retention for both water sources. This is because the pH value ranged from 5.8 - 8.7 while THB concentration ranged from 2.0×102 CFU/100ml - 1.56×104 CFU/100ml which are contrary to their allowable permissible limits (6.5 - 8.5 and 0.00 CFU/100ml - 1.0×104 CFU/100ml respectively). Nevertheless, the remaining water quality parameters were within the WHO permissible limits in all the storage vessels during the retention period. Hence, it was concluded that most water quality parameters of potable water stored in hygienic condition remain fresh during the first week of storage thereafter, the quality cannot be guaranteed