Comparative Studies on the Proximate Composition of the Various Body Part of Clarias gariepinus and Scomber scomrus

Study on the proximate a composition of flesh and other body parts of Clarias gariepinus and scomber scombrus was carried out in January, 2020  using standard procedures. For Clarias gariepinus the highest protein (25.69%) was observed in the head, followed by flesh (21.70%) and while the  lowest protein (18.61%) was discovered in the bone. Highest fats (3.61%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (2.25) while (0.80%) recorded in the fins as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.87%) was observed in head followed by (1.72) in the bone. The lowest fibre (0.60%) was reported in the flesh. The highest ash (22.03%) was recorded in fins, followed by bone (19.83%) while the lowest (1.30%) was discovered in the flesh. The highest moisture (75.76%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by fins (73.23) while the lowest (56.48%) was observed in the head. For scomber scombrusthe highest protein (29.44%) was observed in the head, followed by bone (28.40%) and while the lowest protein (24.30%) was discovered in the flesh. Highest fats (6.42%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (1.48%) while (0.95%) recorded in the bone as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.11%) was observed in fin followed by (0.69%) in the flesh. The lowest fibre (0.59%) was reported in the head. The highest ash (6.37%) was  recorded in  head, followed by bone (5.07%) while the lowest (0.33%) was discovered in the flesh .The highest moisture (68.68%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (66.56%) while the lowest (37.20%) was observed in the fin. .The highest carbohydrate (5.58%) was recorded in the bone, followed by fin (5.28%). The study showed that the best body parts in terms protein content of the two fish samples were the head. The Head has the highest crude protein content thus it can be recommended as a possible effective ways to solve protein malnutrition Keywords: proximate, Scomber scombrus, Clarias gariepinus, head, flesh, fins, bone

Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of lower River Niger at Kpata, Adankolo and Gadumo Stations in Kogi State, Nigeria

The present work was conducted to study the physicochemical parameters of lower River Niger at Lokoja and Ajaokuta local government area of Kogi state, with the aims to determine the physical and chemical situation of the River at this point in time, compare the physical and chemical situation of the river with earlier work done on River Niger and other relevant water bodies by relevant authors also to determine its suitability for fish growth and survival at this point in time. Water samples were collected for four month (January to April) at three sampling site (two site from Lokoja and one from Ajaokuta local government area) and analysed for various physicochemical parameter. The mean temperature values ranged from 23.55 - 28.350C at Kpata station, 24.65- 29.750C at Adankolo station and 23.90-28.900C at Gadumo station. The mean pH values ranged from 6.69-8.15 at Kpata station, 6.60-8.30 at Adankolo station and 6.10-8.20 at Gadumo station. The mean electrical conductivity values ranged from 68.50-135.50µS/cm at Kpata station, 68.00-122.50 µS/cm at Adankolo station and 68.00-122.50 µS/cm at Gadumo station. The mean dissolved oxygen (DO) values ranged from 6.10-9.30 mg/l at Kpata station, 5.65-7.78 mg/l at Adankolo station and 6.10-9.30 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean transparency values ranged from 0.31-0.60m at Kpata station, 0.31-0.60m at Adankolo station and 0.30-0.44m at Gadumo station. The mean biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranged from 2.10-2.95 mg/l at Kpata station, 2.05-3.25 mg/l at Adankolo station and 2.10-4.00 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean nitrate values ranged from 0.02-0.05 mg/l at Kpata station, 0.02-0.03 mg/l at Adankolo station and 0.02-0.04 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean phosphate values ranged from 0.48-0.61 mg/l at Kpata station, 0.51-0.65 mg/l at Adankolo station and 0.49-0.64 mg/l at Gadumo station. The study indicated that the mean value of the studied parameters which include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, transparency and phosphate of the River compares slightly favourably with the work of other researchers and within the range that support fish growth and survival. This indicates that the river is in a healthy state and is favourable for fish growth and survival. Keywords: physiochemical parameter, water, river Niger, fish growt

Utilization of spent millet from locally fermented drink (Burukutu) as experimental diets for Clarias gariepinus

Brewer’s waste is one of the promising carbohydrate and protein source by-products for fish diets. A 10-wk feeding trial experiment involving 10 different diets (10 diets for Spent millet, from locally fermented drink (Burukutu) with increasing levels of brewer’s waste (40% crude protein) was carried out to evaluate the use of spent millet, from Burukutu production in Clarias gariepinus diets in place of normal Corn. Growth performance was compared against a control diet formulated to have similar composition to a typical commercial diet. 10 experimental diets replaced successively 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% of the Corn carbohydrate with Spent millet from locally fermented drink, Burukutu.. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. A relatively good growth performance and nutrient utilization by Clarias gariepinus fed the test diets were observed. However, the results showed significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gain, SGR, FCR and RGR between treatments, with the control performing best. The result also showed that survival rate was high in all the treatment which indicate that, spent millet from burukutu production has no adverse effect on the experimented fish. Based on this research, it wasconcluded that 50% of the corn carbohydrate in a typicalcommercial diet could be replaced with spent grain (millet) from locally fermented drink (BKT) withno adverse effect on growth and feed utilization for Clarias gariepinus

Utilization of poultry waste as feed and supplementary feed for fish growth

This research work was carried out to evaluate poultry waste as a potential feed for fish growth. The poultry droppings were collected for analysis. The parameter determined to ascertain the potential of this poultry waste were proximate analysis (Moisture, dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents) and mineral nutrient composition (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese). The proximate analysis determined estimated moisture content to be 9.62±0.02%, dry matter 90.38±0.03%, ash content: 28.83±0.29%, crude protein: 21.34±0.16%, fat content: 2.61±0.13%, crude fibre:16.09±0.04, and carbohydrate: 21.53±0.03. The minerals nutrient composition for metals analysed is as follows; calcium: 2349.9±56.57mg/kg, potassium: 6239±572.76mg/kg. Magnesium: 1075.0±141.42mg/kg, sodium: 292.3±10.61mg/kg, copper: 104.8±7.07mg/kg, zinc: 395.0±7.07mg/kg, iron: 519.7±7.07mg/kg and manganese: 257.5±10.61mg/kg. However, based on the result for proximate analysis of the poultry waste analysed and mineral nutrients estimated compared with the mineral nutrient requirement of fish the results were not adequate for direct use as feed for fish. Thus the poultry droppings could only serve as feed or supplement for the conventional fish feeds use for fish to give excellent growth rate.Keywords: Poultry Waste, Feed, Fish, Proximate, Minerals, Parameters, poultry dropping