Conversion of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine to nitrogen-containing chemicals in high-temperature water

Available online 19 July 2019To demonstrate the conversion of renewable biomass to platform chemicals, we previously reported the non catalytic conversion of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), which is obtained from chitin, to nitrogen-containing chemicals; however, various aspects of this process were not clarified. Herein, we reported updated and expanded results for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing chemicals from GlcNAc in high-temperature water at 180-280 degrees C and 25 MPa with a reaction time of 5-34 s. The main products were 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranose (Chromogen I) and 3-acetamido-5-(1',2'-dihydroxyethyl)furan (Chromogen III) with the maximum yields of 37.0% and 34.5%, respectively. Although 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran was expected to form by the dehydration of Chromogen III, a yield of only < 1% was obtained, likely because the dehydration of Chromogen III is difficult in the absence of a catalyst. The evaluation of the effects of acid and base catalysts on the dehydration of GlcNAc revealed that the acid catalyst suppressed the transformation of GlcNAc to Chromogen I and promoted the transformation of Chromogen I to Chromogen III, whereas the base catalyst had the opposite effects on these processes. The synthesis of nitrogen-containing chemicals from GlcNAc in high temperature water is an environmentally benign method for utilizing renewable chitin biomass.ArticleFUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY. 195:106154 (2019)journal articl

Genome analysis of Parmales, the sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs

The order Parmales (class Bolidophyceae) is a minor group of pico-sized eukaryotic marine phytoplankton that contains species with cells surrounded by silica plates. Previous studies revealed that Parmales is a member of ochrophytes and sister to diatoms (phylum Bacillariophyta), the most successful phytoplankton group in the modern ocean. Therefore, parmalean genomes can serve as a reference to elucidate both the evolutionary events that differentiated these two lineages and the genomic basis for the ecological success of diatoms vs. the more cryptic lifestyle of parmaleans. Here, we compare the genomes of eight parmaleans and five diatoms to explore their physiological and evolutionary differences. Parmaleans are predicted to be phago-mixotrophs. By contrast, diatoms have lost genes related to phagocytosis, indicating the ecological specialization from phago-mixotrophy to photoautotrophy in their early evolution. Furthermore, diatoms show significant enrichment in gene sets involved in nutrient uptake and metabolism, including iron and silica, in comparison with parmaleans. Overall, our results suggest a strong evolutionary link between the loss of phago-mixotrophy and specialization to a silicified photoautotrophic life stage early in diatom evolution after diverging from the Parmales lineage

ジュツゴ ノウキョウ オ ガッペイ シタ バリウム フクマクエン ノ イチレイ

The patient was a ４０-year-old woman. She visited our hospital because of sudden pain developing ４ days after upper gastrointestinal radiography with barium. Her abdomen showed board like rigidity. On the basis of abdominal radiography and computed tomography（CT）findings, we made a diagnosis of barium peritonitis. Emergency surgery was performed on the same day. A ３-cm diameter perforation was noted in the sigmoid colon. The perforated area had been plugged with fecal mass of a size larger than the fist. Purulent ascites, mixed with food residues, were noted in the peritoneal cavity, and the leaked barium had attached to the mesentery and intestine. Cleansing with about１０，０００mL warm physiological saline was carried out to remove these contaminants. Because postoperative inflammatory reactions persisted, thoracic and abdominal CT scans were obtained on the１０th hospital day ; they showed bilateral hydrothorax as well as residual barium and abscess under the left diaphragm. The patient was treated conservatively, but thoracic and abdominal CT scans obtained on the ４４th hospital day allowed a diagnosis of left empyema. On the same day, lavage and drainage of the empyema-affected area were carried out. This resulted in the alleviation of the postoperative inflammatory reactions. The residual barium under the left diaphragm was considered as the cause of the postoperative condition in this case. Upon detection of barium peritonitis, it is essential to diagnose the underling condition as soon as possible and to completely（leaving no residual barium）and immediately remove the barium

ジャクネン セイジン ノ TAPP リョウホウゴ チョウキ ケイカレイ ノ バンキ サイハツリツ バンキ ガッペイショウ マンゾクド ニ タイスル ケントウ

Objective : This study evaluated the long-term outcome after laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal（TAPP）inguinal hernioplasty for young adults cases. The first goal is to measure recurrence rate. The second goals are late symptoms, complication, and patient’s satisfaction rate. Method : Young adults patients who underwent TAPP repairs between １９９５ and ２００４ were requested to fill in a postal questionnaire,１９patients are eligible to this study. Study participants ranged from ２０ to ４０ years, with an average age of ３２ years. One participant was female and eighteen participants were male. Follow up range was ５ to１３years, with a mean of ８．２years. Pt’s satisfaction scales ranging from １（not satisfied）to ５（very satisfied）were used. Participants checked yes or no about late symptoms, complications, and recurrence. Result : Of１９operated patients,１４patients（７３．６％）responded. One patient（７．１％）had symptomatic hernia recurrence. Long-term groin discomfort（occasional）occurred in ４ patients（２８．６％）. But there are no patient feeling groin discomfort interfered with daily activity. Pt’s satisfaction rates were５（very satisfied）：２８．６％,４：５０．０％,３：１４．２％,２：０％,１（very dissatisfied）：７．１％. None of them were required mesh removal. CONCLUSION : TAPP repair is a feasible procedure for young adult with acceptable rate of recurrence, no severe complication, late symptoms, and pt’s satisfaction rate

セイジン ソケイ ヘルニア ノ アプローチホウ ニヨル ビョウケイ シンダンノウ ニ ツイテ

Objective : To compare a laparoscopic transabdomina approach and anterior approach for inguinal repair regarding detectability of type Ⅳ hernia. Summary Background Data : Advantages of laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal（TAPP）inguinal hernioplasty, the accuracy of diagnosis is strongly emphasized, but this theory has not verified. Herein, we study this advantage retrospectively. Methods : A retrospective comparative study of８０７elective repairs of a inguinal hernia repair was performed : a control group ０f ３４１ patients undergoing anterior hernia repair with or without prosthesis and a study group of ４６６patients undergoing TAPP repair. Intraoperative diagnosis type of hernia was studied. Result : Fifty-five patients（１１．８％）detected type Ⅳ lateral hernia in the TAPP group as compared to seven（２．０％）patients in the anterior group. （p ＜０．０１）. Conclusions : laparoscopic transabdominal approach can be considered significantly（p＜ ０．０１）superior to anterior approach with regard to detectability of type Ⅳ hernia

チョウ コウレイシャ ニ ハッセイ シタ トクハツセイ タハツ チョウジュウセキ ト カンガエラレタ イチレイ

A 94-year-old woman visited our hospital with chief complaints of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting by way of her local clinic. Abdominal MDCT revealed a target sign of the small intestine, and its frontal section showed invagination of the oral intestinal tract into the anal intestinal tract, which led to a diagnosis of adult small intestinal intussusception. The abdominal symptom was minor, and no ischemic and necrotic manifestations of the intestinal tract were observed. Conservative treatment was considered. However the patient was oldest-old with dementia, and her consent to the long-term conservative treatment seemed unlikely to be obtained, as well as the small intestine had intussusception extending more than at least１０cm, and its natural reduction was judged to be difficult. Therefore an urgent operation was selected. Two places in the small intestine showed intussusceptions, which could be relatively easily reduced. Because the entire intestinal tract had no abnormalities such as mass and necrotic lesions, the intestine was not resected. Postoperatively, the patient had dementia symptoms such as wandering and abnormal behavior, but her postoperative course was good, leading to hospital discharge on the seventh postoperative day. We report the case of idiopathic multiple intestinal invagination that has never been reported in the past, with some literature review

セイジン ソケイ ヘルニア ジュツゴ カンセン ニヨル prosthesis ジョキョレイ ノ ケントウ

Objective : Prosthesis removal is one of important complication in the hernia repair. A clinical investigation was made on cases of prosthesis removal following surgery for inguinal hernia. Methods : We performed ４６６ laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal （TAPP） inguinal hernioplasty for inguinal hernia and ２３２ open mesh inguinal hernia repair at our institution from March １９９５ to March ２０１０. These ６９８ cases were enrolled in this clinical study. Prosthesis removal was retrospectively assessed. Result : The five cases who underwent open mesh repair were required the removal of the prosthesis. These all cases were delayed onset infection. On the other hand, no patients who underwent TAPP repair were required removal of the prosthesis. Patients who underwent open mesh repair had high risk for the removal of the prosthesis compared to patients who underwent TAPP repair. Conclusions : Patients with inguinal hernia who undergo TAPP repair have fewer removal of the prosthesis than those who underwent open mesh repair

ボウコウ ガ カンニュウ シタ リョウガワ ヘイサコウ ヘルニア ノ イチレイ

An 80-year-old woman visited our hospital with chief complaints of nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. She was diagnosed with bilateral obturator hernia involving the urinary bladder by an abdominal CT scan and retrograde cystography. The symptoms resolved with cessation of anticholinergic drugs that she was being given for the treatment of nocturia, and administration of laxative drugs. The bladder as hernia content was considered to have repeated invagination into an obturator foramen and natural reduction. Because intestinal obstruction and peritonitis due to intestinal invagination were likely to occur, the necessity of an operation was explained to the patient, but her consent to the operation could not be obtained, which led to a follow-up of the symptom. This was the second case report of bilateral obturator hernia of the bladder as hernia content in Japan, and was the first case report of synchronous bilateral obturator hernia in the country

シュヨウナイ シュッケツ ニヨリ ゾウダイ シタ イ GIST ノ 1レイ

Although there are a lot of case-reports of GIST （Gastrointestinal stromal tumor） with bleeding into the alimentary tract, cases of bleeding inside of the GIST are rare. We report a case in which a GIST increased its size associated with bleeding inside and was resected successfully. An ８２-year-old man was diagnosed as GIST （１．０×２．０ cm in size） and followed for ３ years. Its size increased to １１×８ cm in size, therefore, we performed an operation. During laparotomy, the tumor was elastic hard and located on the upper body and posterior wall of the stomach. The tumor size was approximately the head of child. A total gastrectomy with splenectomy was done. A case of sudden increasing of the tumor was histologically thought to bleed inside of it. The increased size of tumors revealed a malignant potential and/or hemorrage, the tumor should be resected as soon as possible

Increased Plasma VEGF Levels in Patients with Cerebral Large Artery Disease Are Associated with Cerebral Microbleeds

Background/Purpose: Because atherosclerotic factors and antithrombotic agents sometimes induce cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), patients with cerebral large artery disease (CLAD) tend to have more CMBs than control subjects. On the other hand, VEGF contributes to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and it may induce parenchymal edema and bleeding. We conducted a study to evaluate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the occurrence of CMBs in patients with CLAD. Methods: CLAD is defined as stenosis or occlusion of either the carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery of 50% or more. We prospectively registered patients with CLAD who were hospitalized in our neurocenter. Biological backgrounds, atherosclerotic risk factors, administration of antithrombotics before hospitalization, and levels of cytokines and chemokines were evaluated. Susceptibility-weighted imaging or T2*-weighted MR angiography was used to evaluate CMBs. The Brain Observer MicroBleed Scale (BOMBS) was used for CMB assessments. Images were analyzed with regard to the presence or absence of CMBs. We also examined plasma VEGF concentrations using a commercial ELISA kit. Because more than half showed plasma VEGF levels below assay detection limits (3.2 pg/mL), the patients were dichotomized by plasma VEGF levels into two groups (above and below the detection limit). After univariate analyses, logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors associated with the CMBs after adjustment for age, sex, the presence of hypertension, and administration of antithrombotic agents. A similar analysis with CMBs separated by location (cortex, subcortex, or posterior circulation) was also conducted. Results: Sixty-six patients (71.1 ± 8.9 years, 53 males and 13 females) were included in this study. Plasma VEGF levels were not correlated with age, sex, and atherosclerotic risk factors; however, patients with VEGF levels &#x3e;3.2 pg/mL tended toward more frequent CMBs (60.0 vs. 32.6%, in the presence and absence of CMBs, p = 0.056). With regard to the location of CMBs, those in the cortex and/or at the gray-white junction were observed more frequently in the patients with VEGF levels &#x3e;3.2 pg/mL after multivariable analyses (odds ratio: 3.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–13.5; p = 0.039). Conclusions: In patients with CLAD, elevated plasma VEGF might be associated with CMBs, especially those located in the cortex and/or at the gray-white junction