The anatomy of the head of Ctenosaura pectinata (Iguanidae).

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56338/1/MP094.pd

The Position of the Female Secretary in the United States from 1900 Through 1967: An Historical Study

The problem was to trace the development of the position of the female secretary in business in the United States from 1900 to 1967. The paper was divided into five sections; namely, origins of the secretarial position; the secretarial position, 1900-1920; the secretarial position, 1920-1940; the secretarial position, 1940-1967; and secretarial specialties. The historical research method was used to compile data for each section in relation to descriptions of the position, education and experience required, extensiveness of the position, salary, professionalism, and the effect of two wars, a depression, automation, and specialization. The bona fide secretarial position has not basically changed in 67 years. It has always been a position of responsibility involving authority for decision making and a close personal relationship between the employer and secretary. It has always been a position to which qualified stenographers have been promoted—not a job-entry position. The position has been characterized by its extreme variety, not only within one particular job, but from one company to another. In the late \u2720s and \u2730s the term, secretarial, was used interchangeably with stenographic. In the \u2760s different levels of secretarial work developed—secretary, junior secretary, senior secretary, executive secretary, professional secretary, and administrative assistant—and the confusion continued. The stenographer had practically disappeared. However, descriptions of lower-level secretarial positions in the \u2760s closely resembled those of the stenographer prior to 1940. The private secretary of the early 1900s had become the executive, professional secretary of the \u2760s. It was estimated that about 3 to 5 per cent of all women employees in offices were bona fide secretaries. Up to 1930, the prestige and status of the secretarial position was high. It then started to decline and hit rock bottom during and after World War II. With certification programs developing in the \u2750s, the prestige of the position began to climb slowly again. Age and marital status were the only characteristics of the bona fide secretary which have changed in 67 years. The secretary of the early 1900s was usually single and between 20 and 30 years of age. In the \u2760s, she was more often married and over 40. In all periods, bona fide secretaries were expected to have a broad general and business education, high-skill proficiency, executive ability, and mature judgment. They were expected to know something about everything and be able to handle any situation and problem. Factors outside the profession had various effects on the secretarial position, but did not alter its basic duties and requirements. World War I increased the demand for qualified female secretaries. The depression lowered salaries, but most secretaries held their jobs. World War II lowered the educational and skill requirements for job- entry positions causing a corresponding lowering of the prestige and status of the secretarial position. Automation had no affect on the bona fide secretarial position, but it eliminated the mediocre, ill- equipped pseudo-secretaries. Recent emphasis has been placed on the personal, creative, human relations aspects of the position. There also seemed to be a trend in the \u2760s toward secretarial specialization. Some reference was made to secretarial work as a profession in the early 1900s, but it was not until the secretarial associations were organized to encourage advanced education and develop certification programs that any concerted effort was made to elevate secretarial work to a recognized profession. Only through their efforts in encouraging higher education and maintenance of high standards will real professionalism be attained. However, unless the confusion and misunderstanding of the term secretary is eliminated, secretarial work, in general, will never be recognized as a profession. The term secretary as it is used today is meaningless

Modeling local predictive ability using power-transformed Gaussian processes

A Gaussian process is proposed as a model for the posterior distribution of the local predictive ability of a model or expert, conditional on a vector of covariates, from historical predictions in the form of log predictive scores. Assuming Gaussian expert predictions and a Gaussian data generating process, a linear transformation of the predictive score follows a noncentral chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom. Motivated by this we develop a non-central chi-squared Gaussian process regression to flexibly model local predictive ability, with the posterior distribution of the latent GP function and kernel hyperparameters sampled by Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. We show that a cube-root transformation of the log scores is approximately Gaussian with homoscedastic variance, which makes it possible to estimate the model much faster by marginalizing the latent GP function analytically. Linear pools based on learned local predictive ability are applied to predict daily bike usage in Washington DC.Comment: 27 pages, 15 figures. This paper was included in the first author's PhD thesis: Oelrich, O. (2022) 'Learning Local Predictive Accuracy for Expert Evaluation and Forecast Combination' which can be found at https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-21091

Effects of Off-Hand Constraint on Potential Free-Throw Accuracy

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the shooting strap instantly benefits athletes by significantly improving their technique, precision, and accuracy. The shooting strap is a product designed to help prevent the guide arm from interfering with the shooting arm as the shooting skill undergoes its process. The product is advertised as a tool for novice players that struggle keeping their guide arm/hand from pronating, interfering with the undergoing process of the shooting arm. Participants underwent three conditions (warm-up, strap, no strap) of 10 free-throw shots. Data collected during this study showed that there was no immediate benefit gained in precision during short term use. Data suggests the strap made the participant’s shots worse. Although the shooting strap may not be effective for short term use in increasing precision or accuracy, more studies need to be completed to determine if it has long term effectiveness in these areas

Non-Perturbative versus Perturbative Renormalization of Lattice Operators

Our objective is to compute the moments of the deep-inelastic structure functions of the nucleon on the lattice. A major source of uncertainty is the renormalization of the lattice operators that enter the calculation. In this talk we compare the renormalization constants of the most relevant twist-two bilinear quark operators which we have computed non-perturbatively and perturbatively to one loop order. Furthermore, we discuss the use of tadpole improved perturbation theory.Comment: 4 pages, uuencoded postscript file. Contribution to Lattice 95. Also available from http://www.desy.de/pub/preprints/desy/199

A Lattice Evaluation of the Deep-Inelastic Structure Functions of the Nucleon

The lower moments of the unpolarized and polarized deep-inelastic structure functions of the nucleon are calculated on the lattice. The calculation is done with Wilson fermions and for three values of the hopping parameter $\kappa$, so that we can perform the extrapolation to the chiral limit. Particular emphasis is put on the renormalization of lattice operators. The renormalization constants, which lead us from lattice to continuum operators, are computed perturbatively to one loop order as well as non-perturbatively.Comment: 11 pages, uuencoded postscript file. Talk given at Workshop QCD on Massively Parallel Computers, Yamagata, March 1995. Also available from http://www.desy.de/pub/preprints/desy/199

Aspectos genéticos em estrabismo

Purpose: To evaluate the genetic aspects of strabismus. Methods: Ophthalmic and orthoptic evaluations were performed prospectively on 110 strabismic probands and 478 relatives. We used 3 different criteria in the diagnosis of strabismus: primary diagnosis (dx1) defined as any manifest horizontal or vertical deviation, a secondary diagnosis (dx2) including esophoria (>7 prism diopters) or exophoria (>9 prism diopters), and a tertiary diagnosis (dx3) including abnormal fusional amplitudes, accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, and/or stereopsis; monofixation syndrome; 4 prism diopters base out; and/or abnormal Maddox test responses. Analyses were carried out within mating types. Results: Hypotheses of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance with no sporadics were rejected. Based on the dx1, 25% of the families had more than one individual affected and there was vertical transmission in 13%; adding dx2 there were 36% of the families with more than one affected and 21% had vertical transmission; and adding dx3, there were 73% with more than one affected and 51% with vertical transmission. Conclusions: There is evidence for a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant form of strabismus in most families.Objetivo: Avaliar aspectos genéticos em estrabismo. Métodos: Foram realizados exames oftalmológicos e ortópticos prospectivamente em 110 propósitos estrábicos e 478 familiares. Foram usados 3 diferentes critérios no diagnóstico de estrabismo: diagnóstico primário (dx1) foi definido como qualquer desvio horizontal ou vertical manifesto, diagnóstico secundário (dx2) incluiu esoforias (> 7 dioptrias prismáticas) ou exoforia (< 9 dioptrias prismáticas) e diagnóstico terciário (dx3), que incluiu amplitudes de fusão anormal, relação convergência acomodativa/acomodação (CA/A) elevada, estereopsia anormal, síndrome de monofixação, e teste das 4 dioptrias prismáticas e teste de Maddox anormais. A análise dos resultados foi por meio da avaliação dos pedigrees segundo o tipo de união. Resultados: As hipóteses de herança autossômicas dominantes ou recessivas sem casos esporádicos foram rejeitadas. Baseado no dx1, 25% das famílias tiveram mais de um indivíduo afetado e houve transmissão vertical em 13%; adicionando o dx2, foi encontrado que 36% das famílias tinham mais de um membro afetado e houve transmissão vertical em 21%; e adicionando dx3, 73% das famílias tinham mais de um membro afetado e houve transmissão vertical em 51% delas. Conclusão: Existem evidências que apontam para um padrão compatível com herança autossômica dominante na maioria das famílias.Federal University of São Paulo Department of OphthalmologyUCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of Colorado The Children's Hospital Rocky Mountain Lions Eye InstituteUNIFESP, Department of OphthalmologySciEL

Accident liability and primary process thinking : a study in ego psychology

Serious efforts must be made to combat the high accident rate on the roads in the Republic of South Africa. The same spirit which exists in the field of medicine when there are evidences that an epidemic is beginning to take its toll, must come into being amongst those who are concerned with traffic and its problems. The public itself needs to become more aware of road safety. Many associations and institutions have been created to assist with the inculcation of the road safety ideal. The National Road Safety Council, which creates opportunities for investigation into aspects of road safety must continue to expand its sphere of influence. The research project contained on the following pages represents an attempt to contribute to the human factor in traffic safety, particularly by making a closer study of the driver of the motor vehicle. The writer is concerned with the carnage that is caused by road accidents. His previous study of personality and particularly of the projective techniques of assessment has prompted a consideration of the problem