Energy Efficiency In Residential Buildings: A Case Study Of 1004 Federal Housing Authority Estate, Victoria Island, Lagos

Globally, energy consumption in buildings takes up the largest proportion of world‘s energy production. This consumption is more in developing countries including Nigeria and Least Developed economies than the developed worlds. Researches are therefore, currently been geared towards reducing energy consumption due to the global problem of insufficient energy needed to meet the demand and the attendant environmental issues associated with the production based largely on fossil burning. In Nigeria, consumption in buildings takes up about a third of the total electricity production with Lagos accounting for the larger percentage of the total energy production due to the fast rising population, teeming economic growth and increased rate of construction across the state. This paper thus investigates the energy consumption in residential buildings (1004 Federal Housing Authority Estate), in Lagos state. Survey analysis approach was adopted in this work. Field trips to the study area were conducted, measurements were taken and questionnaires were administered to occupants. The design features of the buildings were analyzed. The household equipments and the occupants were also taken into consideration. The work also analyze the present electric energy use for cooling and lighting typical residential buildings of upper income households in Lagos and the possible energy savings by adopting certain energy efficient features (in wall) in the case study building. The enveloped thermal transfer value (ETTV) equation was utilized to account for the quantity of heat taking into the building through the buildings envelop. Building wall of 200mm concrete thickness plastered with 13mm cement thickness in and out was used in the study. Result obtained indicates that doubling the thickness of external walls, reduces the cooling load of the building and hence reduces its total energy consumption. The total envelop energy of the building obtained was found to be 64.98W/m2, while 57.60 W/m2 was obtained when perlite was used in wall plastering in place of the cement with same thickness. Improvement of energy efficiency in residential buildings was also achieved through series of demonstration works carried out in the analysis using ETTV equation. The study established that the perlite plaster has a lower thermal transmittance value (U-value) when compare to that of cement hence a better energy reducing material option in building construction. The impact of ETTV on the energy consumption of residential buildings leading to a reduction in building heat load was also established in the study

Energy Efficiency in Building: Case of Buildings at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Nigeria today faces serious challenge in providing adequate energy to meet the needs of her citizenry. Efforts are currently geared towards generation of more energy to ease the problem. While these efforts are commendable, it is equally desirable to explore ways to minimize consumption of generated energy. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of building orientation on energy demand in buildings. This paper considered the use of standard design considerations, fundamental cooling load equations and the guidelines stipulated by the American Society of Heating, Cooling and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The study takes the designs of three buildings within the University of Ibadan, Nigeria into consideration with the view to harness the energy saving potentials through building orientation and selection of efficient cooling equipment. The results obtained were 155.34, 224.75, 86.35 kW and 163.60, 232.04 and 90.64 kW for the three lecture envelopes including the Faculty of Science, CBN and the Department of Chemistry lecture theatres using the North-South and East-West building orientations respectively. Increase in energy demand of 7.96, 7.29 and 4.29 kW was thus obtained with the East-West building orientation over North-South. Energy efficiency is thus guaranteed with North-South building orientatio

Antimicrobial properties of three spices used in the preparation of suya condiment against organisms isolated from formulated samples and individual ingredients

The effects of Eugenia aromatica (clove), Allium sativum (garlic) and Piper guineense (brown pepper), three spices commonly used in south-western Nigeria, added to growth media at different concentrations were studied with respect to their inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus enterobacter sp., Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from already formulated and individual  spices/ingredients used in the preparation of suya pepper. The sensitivity of isolated organisms revealed that clove is outstanding compared to the much worked on garlic and that gram positive bacteria showed higher sensitivity to spices than gram negative bacteria. R. stolonifer showed a higher sensitivity to brown pepper than it did to garlic. The growth of A. niger was not completely inhibited by brown pepper or a combination of both. The percentage composition of these three spices affected their inhibitory effects on microorganisms in suya condiment

EFFECTS OF FOOD ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF AMODIAQUINE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Amodiaquine (AQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline derivative whichis intrinsically more active than the other 4-aminoquinoline, chloroquine, against Plasmodiumfalciparum parasites. The pharmacokinetic parameters ofamodiaquine and its active metabolite following theadministration of amodiaquine to healthy volunteers underfasted conditionS were compared with those when it wasco-administered with food.In an open, two-way crossover study, 16 healthyvolunteers fasted overnight and were randomized toreceive a single oral administration of 600 mg (3 tablets)of amodiaquine in the absence or presence of astandardized high-fat breakfast, administered 30 minbefore drug administration. Blood samples were collectedup to 192 h and amodiaquine and desethyl amodiaquinewere assayed by a validated HPLC method.Relative to the fasting state, the administration of a singledose of amodiaquine after a high-fat breakfast resulted indelayed median Tmax values (20 min for amodiaquine and3 h for desethylamodiaquine). The geometric mean ratios(GMR) of fed to fasting conditions indicated increasedCmax values for amodiaquine (GMR 1.40) (90% CI: 1.12-1.48) and desethylamodiaquine (GMR 1.48) (90% CI: 1.09-1.52) and increased AUC0-t values for amodiaquine (GMR1.62) (90% CI: 1.42-1.86) and for desethylamodiaquine(GMR 1.26) (90% CI: 1.12-1.36).Intake of AQ with a high fat meal resulted in a statisticallysignificant increase in blood levels of amodiaquine anddesethylamodiaquine which may affect its safety andtolerability. The findings of this study suggest thatamodiaquine should not be administered with a high-fatmeal

Development of Aluminium Matrix Composites: A review

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are a range of advanced engineering materials that can be used for a wide range of applications within the aerospace, automotive, biotechnology, electronic and sporting goods industries. AMCs consist of a non-metallic reinforcement (SiC, B4C, Si3N4, AlN, TiC, TiB2, TiO2) incorporated into Aluminium matrix which provides advantageous properties over base metal (Al) alloys. These include improved abrasion resistance, creep resistance, dimensional stability, exceptionally good stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios and better high temperature performance. Fabrication of these advanced engineering materials through liquid state and solid state routes are considered in this paper

Finite Element Analysis of Displacement and Von-Mises Stress in Cylindrical Liquified Petroleum Gas Pressure Tank

Increase in demand of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has led to development of LPG facilities throughout the world. The limitation of ASME standard in the design of pressure vessels and reoccurring cases of gas plant, gas cylinder explosions led to this research. In this research, finite element method was used to investigate the displacements, deflections and Von-Mises stresses in a cylindrical  liquefied petroleum gas pressure tank with respect to plate thickness at different operating pressures and ambient conditions. A cylindrical pressure tank made of ASTM A516 Grade 70 with thickness; 2mm, 5mm, 10mm, 20mm and 30mm was selected for the analysis with plain strain condition assumptions. ANSYS was used to generate the mesh model of the liquefied petroleum gas pressure tank and conduct the finite element analysis. The displacement, deflection and Von-Mises stress showed an inverse relationship with the tank section shell thickness while varying the LPG pressure; 0.5MPa at 200C, 0.91MPa at 400C and 1.55MPa at 600C respectively. It was also observed that the factor of safety showed a linear relationship with increasing shell thickness. For each operating pressure, a minimum shell thickness was deduced. This minimum thickness was at a Von-Mises stress which falls below the materials yield stress and allowable stress. Therefore, the vessel will not fail once operated at or above the minimum pressure tank shell thickness. The effect of weldment along the seams of vessel was not carried out in this research work. Sharp edges are stress raisers, also there is possibility of stress been developed at the inlet and exhaust valves of the pressure tank. The effect of stress at this points on the vessel were not considered for this research work

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY OF 1004 FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY ESTATE, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS

Abstract Globally, energy consumption in buildings takes up the largest proportion of world's energy production. This consumption is more in developing countries including Nigeria and Least Developed economies than the developed worlds. Researches are therefore, currently been geared towards reducing energy consumption due to the global problem of insufficient energy needed to meet the demand and the attendant environmental issues associated with the production based largely on fossil burning. In Nigeria, consumption in buildings takes up about a third of the total electricity production with Lagos accounting for the larger percentage of the total energy production due to the fast rising population, teeming economic growth and increased rate of construction across the state. This paper thus investigates the energy consumption in residential buildings (1004 Federal Housing Authority Estate), in Lagos state. Survey analysis approach was adopted in this work. Field trips to the study area were conducted, measurements were taken and questionnaires were administered to occupants. The design features of the buildings were 248 achieved through series of demonstration works carried out in the analysis using ETTV equation. The study established that the perlite plaster has a lower thermal transmittance value (U-value) when compare to that of cement hence a better energy reducing material option in building construction. The impact of ETTV on the energy consumption of residential buildings leading to a reduction in building heat load was also established in the study

Transmission Network Enhancement with Renewable Energy

Wind and solar energy play an important role in the de - carbonization of electricity generation. However, high shares of these Variable Renewable Energies (VREs) challenge the power system considerably due to their temporal fluctuations and geographical dispersion. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes transmission grid extensions as an integration measure for VREs. Effects of grid extensions for fundamental properties of the power system as a function of the penetration and mix of wind coupled with solar energy were revealed in the study. The paper also provides an overview of the system implication of wind and solar PV energy and investigates a way to partly overcome transmission grid extension

Exergy, Performance And Environmental Impact Analysis Of Compression Refrigeration Systems

Major concern in refrigeration hinges largely on energy conservation, environmental safety and efficient cooling system. The concept of quality of useful energy which invariably leads to energy conservation is naturally related to exergy. This study therefore experimentally conducts exergy, performance and environmental impact analysis of compression refrigeration systems using R134a, R410a and R407c, refrigerants. The experiment was performed using a modified exiting R134a refrigerating system. The refrigerator was built with Scroll compressor, 48m3 evaporator space, 1m throttle length and 0.2mm array of rods in the condensing unit coupled with thermocouple K attached at the various components and a digital 10^-3 accuracy weighing scale for charging refrigerant in the required grams. The results show that for 100 grams charge of the refrigerants, the exergetic efficiency, coefficient of performance (COP) and the degree of environmentally friendliness of each of the refrigerants are of order R410a > R407c,> R134a and for 80 grams charge of the refrigerants, the order of performance is R410a > R134a> R407c. While for 60 grams charge of the refrigerants, the exergetic efficiency, coefficient of performance and the degree of environmentally friendliness of each of the refrigerants are of order R407c> R410a > R134a, that of 40 grams charge of the refrigerants is of order R134a> R407c> R410a. The study therefore established that irrespective of the grams charge values of the investigated refrigerants used, R410a is the best, closely followed by R134a and lastly R407c

Re-activation of a Small Hydropower(SHP)Plant: Oyan SHP Station,Nigeria

Electricity production in small hydropower (SHP) plants can be increased without the need for the construction of new SHP scheme, but by upgrading and optimizing different aspects of existing plant's operations. An assessment of the electromechanical equipment that suites the existing heads, discharge or flow rates and other electromechanical parameters at the Oyan SHP plant, using Retscreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software and hydraulic turbine specific speed equation ( ) to evaluate plant performances was carried out in this work. Two cases involving upgrading of the electromechanical equipment to yield 10 and 12 MW of installed capacities respectively were considered, while at the same time maintaining the existing structures such as the weir, powerhouse and penstocks. The two cases were analysed and compared with a reference case (the existing installed capacity generation of 9 MW). Findings in terms of the financial and economic analysis for optimum installation and operation, favoured the 10 MW installation. Energy gain by installing the 10 MW is 33.37% relative to the reference case while the 12 MW is 5% compared with the reference. The simple payback for the 10 and 12 MW capacities is 11 and 13 months respectively. Hence, upgrade and optimization to 10 MW is found to be a more profitable option than the 12 MW capacity