Modeling and Analysis of the Impact of Vocational Education on the Unemployment Rate in Nigeria

Unemployment is a major determinant of a weak economy and a good measure of living standard in a country. Nigeria is faced with the problem of unemployment at present. By that, a mathematical model is formulated to investigate the effect of vocational education on the unemployment challenges in Nigeria. The model is tested for the basic requirements of a good mathematical model. The equilibrium analysis of the model is conducted and both the unemployment-free and the unemployment endemic equilibria are obtained. The threshold for the implementation success of the vocational education program is also derived following the approach of epidemic models. Stability analysis of the unemployment-free equilibrium is performed via the stability theory of nonlinear differential equations. Numerical simulation is carried out using parameter values from published data as well as assumption. The result of the simulation shows that the current unemployment rate in Nigeria is going to the peak unless vocational education is revived and makes to function

Whole-genome analysis of Nigerian patients with breast cancer reveals ethnic-driven somatic evolution and distinct genomic subtypes

Black women across the African diaspora experience more aggressive breast cancer with higher mortality rates than white women of European ancestry. Although inter-ethnic germline variation is known, differential somatic evolution has not been investigated in detail. Analysis of deep whole genomes of 97 breast cancers, with RNA-seq in a subset, from women in Nigeria in comparison with The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 76) reveal a higher rate of genomic instability and increased intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as a unique genomic subtype defined by early clonal GATA3 mutations with a 10.5-year younger age at diagnosis. We also find non-coding mutations in bona fide drivers (ZNF217 and SYPL1) and a previously unreported INDEL signature strongly associated with African ancestry proportion, underscoring the need to expand inclusion of diverse populations in biomedical research. Finally, we demonstrate that characterizing tumors for homologous recombination deficiency has significant clinical relevance in stratifying patients for potentially life-saving therapies

Whole-genome analysis of Nigerian patients with breast cancer reveals ethnic-driven somatic evolution and distinct genomic subtypes

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2020-12-12, accepted 2021-11-02, registration 2021-11-04, pub-electronic 2021-11-26, online 2021-11-26, collection 2021-12Publication status: PublishedFunder: Postdoctoral Research Fellowship P2BSP3_178591Funder: Francis Crick Institute (Francis Crick Institute Limited); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100010438Funder: Cancer Research UK (CRUK); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000289; Grant(s): FC001202Funder: Wellcome Trust (Wellcome); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100004440; Grant(s): FC001202Funder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002; Grant(s): U01 CA161032, U01 CA161032, R01 MD013452, R01 CA228198, U01 CA161032, R01 MD013452, P20-CA233307Funder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)Funder: Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100001006; Grant(s): BCRF-20-071, BCRF-19-120Funder: DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000272; Grant(s): 203141/Z/16/ZFunder: Susan G. Komen (Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100009634; Grant(s): SAC110026, SAC210203Funder: American Cancer Society (American Cancer Society, Inc.); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100000048Abstract: Black women across the African diaspora experience more aggressive breast cancer with higher mortality rates than white women of European ancestry. Although inter-ethnic germline variation is known, differential somatic evolution has not been investigated in detail. Analysis of deep whole genomes of 97 breast cancers, with RNA-seq in a subset, from women in Nigeria in comparison with The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 76) reveal a higher rate of genomic instability and increased intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as a unique genomic subtype defined by early clonal GATA3 mutations with a 10.5-year younger age at diagnosis. We also find non-coding mutations in bona fide drivers (ZNF217 and SYPL1) and a previously unreported INDEL signature strongly associated with African ancestry proportion, underscoring the need to expand inclusion of diverse populations in biomedical research. Finally, we demonstrate that characterizing tumors for homologous recombination deficiency has significant clinical relevance in stratifying patients for potentially life-saving therapies

Use of Web-based training for quality improvement between a field immunohistochemistry laboratory in Nigeria and its United States–based partner institution

The importance of hormone receptor status in assigning treatment and the potential use of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–targeted therapy have made it beneficial for laboratories to improve detection techniques. Because interlaboratory variability in immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests may also affect studies of breast cancer subtypes in different countries, we undertook a Web-based quality improvement training and a comparative study of accuracy of immunohistochemical tests of breast cancer biomarkers between a well-established laboratory in the United States (University of Chicago) and a field laboratory in Ibadan, Nigeria. Two hundred and thirty-two breast tumor blocks were evaluated for estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs), and HER2 status at both laboratories using tissue microarray technique. Initially, concordance analysis revealed κ scores of 0.42 (moderate agreement) for ER, 0.41 (moderate agreement) for PR, and 0.39 (fair agreement) for HER2 between the 2 laboratories. Antigen retrieval techniques and scoring methods were identified as important reasons for discrepancy. Web-based conferences using Web conferencing tools such as Skype and WebEx were then held periodically to discuss IHC staining protocols and standard scoring systems and to resolve discrepant cases. After quality assurance and training, the agreement improved to 0.64 (substantial agreement) for ER, 0.60 (moderate agreement) for PR, and 0.75 (substantial agreement) for HER2. We found Web-based conferences and digital microscopy useful and cost-effective tools for quality assurance of IHC, consultation, and collaboration between distant laboratories. Quality improvement exercises in testing of tumor biomarkers will reduce misclassification in epidemiologic studies of breast cancer subtypes and provide much needed capacity building in resource-poor countries

Population Differences in Breast Cancer: Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Compared with white women, black women experience a disproportionate burden of aggressive breast cancer for reasons that remain unknown and understudied. In the first study of its kind, we determined the distribution of molecular subtypes of invasive breast tumors in indigenous black women in West Africa