Exploring Diverse Adolescents & Youth Education Across the Displacement Linear: Education in Emergencies (EiE) Experiences and Colonial Entanglements

This thesis explores diverse, forcibly displaced youths'experiences of education in emergencies (EiE) responses in South Sudan, the UK and Jordan and how colonial legacies continue to permeate the types and modes of education programmes that are designed, funded, and implemented. This thesis draws on the Black radical tradition (BRT) as a conceptual and methodological framing. In addition, connecting EiE and BRT scholarship enables new discourses that counter hegemonic and ahistorical narratives of aid to surface and instead illustrate power asymmetries, coloniality, and conflict-affected communities' cultural wealth in challenging limited educational opportunities. This study intends to contribute to critical EiE scholarship, highlighting the heterogeneity of forcibly displaced youth and challenging universalising discourses that erase the EiE experiences of racialised and othered identities. To explore the research inquiry, I use a multi-sited, multi-scalar research approach to co- design a digital storytelling action research praxis with 60 young people in South Sudan, Jordan and the UK, alongside 26 key informant interviews with EiE practitioners to address the research areas. The key findings highlighted that intersectionality matters in EIE, in that forcibly displaced young people's educational experiences are intimately connected to their situated positions, often shaped by colonialism. Similarly, these dynamics profoundly impact and shape the EiE sector. Notwithstanding, some young people resist limited education trajectories, in myriad ways, from leveraging family and community networks to exercising personal agency, seeking out, and setting up learning opportunities. A secondary objective of this study is to challenge the dominant modes of knowledge production and ways of working in the EiE field and to interrogate its conceptual framings by bringing to the fore the issues that young people want to highlight in their educational experiences when enabled to do so through using the digital storytelling research praxis

Teaching Practices Which Enhance Rhythm Development in Junior Primary Students : Case Studies in the South West Region of Western Australia

This thesis has arisen from a desire to enhance the benefits of musical development, in particular, rhythm, for children in junior primary classrooms. Music plays an important role in the overall development of the child as it \u27\u27aids a child\u27s development in other areas such as overall academic achievement, ability to concentrate, creative and artistic expression, social skills and emotional stability (Parkinson, 1989, p. 3). Therefore music education plays an important part in the academic curriculum. The researcher selected rhythm as the element of music to focus on as it is the most basic element of music (Latham and Sadie, 1985, p. 17). The case study methodology was used with the study of three primary school music specialists and one primary school classroom teacher who were each observed teaching two rhythm-based lessons to a Year One or Year Two class. On two separate occasions the teachers were observed on their teaching approaches and the activities in which the students were engaged. The two forms of data collection, interview and observation provided a thorough perspective on the strategies which the four teachers used to enhance rhythm development in their junior primary classrooms. The results of the study of four cases identified trends in the teachers\u27 strategies, although, their personal styles varied markedly. There were fifteen processes identified which highlighted the major teaching strategies used to teach rhythm to Year One and Year Two children. The processes are: the use of rhythmic songs; the use of rhythmic games; progression of using the body then musical instruments to perform rhythms; concrete to abstract application activities; activities which are developmentally appropriate; relevant activities; practical work; modelling; scaffolding; use of visual teaching aids; problem solving strategies; repetition; gaining the students prior knowledge; positive and specific feedback; and establishing the framework for success. These teaching practices are consistent with much of the established research on the topic of rhythm development in music. The outcomes of this research have implications for both music educators and classroom teachers who are interested in teaching strategies which enhance rhythm development. In studying the teaching practices which enhance musical development in the area of rhythm, this research will contribute to our understanding of how classroom teachers and music specialists might improve their own practices and foster children\u27s sense of rhythm and rhythm skills

Modelling 3D-woven composites on the macroscale: Predicting damage initiation and inelastic phenomena

Composites with 3D-woven reinforcement have been slowly making their way into different industries. The interlacement of yarns, not only in-plane but also through-thickness, means that in many applications 3D-woven composites can outperform their laminated counterparts. In particular, this includes increased out-of-plane stiffness and strength, damage tolerance and specific energy absorption capabilities. The widespread adoption of 3D-woven composites in industry however, requires the development of efficient computational models that can capture the material behaviour. The current work takes a few steps towards the long term goal of developing a phenomenologically based macroscale model to predict how 3D-woven composites deform and eventually fail under mechanical loading. Following a brief introduction to the research field, the feasibility of extending stress-based failure initiation criteria for unidirectional laminated composites, to 3D-woven composites is explored. In particular it is shown that the extension of the LaRC05 criteria presents a number of challenges and leads to inaccurate predictions. Instead strain-based failure criteria inspired by LaRC05 are proposed. They produce results that are qualitatively more reasonable when evaluated numerically for tensile, compressive and shear tests. As a next step, a thermodynamically consistent framework for modelling the mechanical response of 3D-woven composites on the macroscale is presented. The proposed framework decomposes the stress and strain tensors into two main parts motivated by the material architecture. This allows for the convenient separation of the modelling of the shear behaviour from the modelling of the behaviour along the reinforcement directions. In particular, this division allows for the straightforward addition and modification of various inelastic phenomena observed in 3D-woven composites.The framework is then used to simulate experimental results of a 3D glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. A viscoelastic model is incorporated into the framework to capture non-linear behaviour associated with tensile loading along the horizontal weft reinforcement as well as non-linear shear behaviour. In detail, to capture the shear behaviour, a crystal plasticity inspired approach is considered. As such, it is assumed that inelastic strain strictly develops on localised slip planes oriented by the reinforcement architecture. The viscous parameters are calibrated against experimental results, and a preliminary validation of the model is performed for an off-axis tension test

Genetic and Agronomic Control of Free Asparagine Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Acrylamide is a processing contaminant found in many different foods. It is formed from free (soluble, non-protein) asparagine and reducing sugars during the Maillard reaction, which occurs during low-moisture, high-temperature processing. In wheat-based food products, free asparagine is the key determinant of how much acrylamide forms, so the amount of acrylamide in wheat-based food products can be decreased by minimising the amount of free asparagine that accumulates in wheat grain. Agronomic and genetic strategies have previously been explored to reduce free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain, but a small proportion of products still continue to exceed recommendations set by the European Union, likely due to fluctuations in free asparagine content. Consequently, there is a need to develop more strategies to limit free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain. In this thesis, new findings relevant to the genetic and agronomic control of grain asparagine accumulation are discussed. Firstly, a presence/absence variation of one of the asparagine synthetase 2 homoeologs was analysed and found to reduce grain free asparagine content in the field. Secondly, variation in grain asparagine content and other traits was explored in a soft wheat mapping population, enabling identification of a QTL controlling free asparagine. A soft wheat population was used because this project sought to reduce the acrylamide content of soft wheat products, most notably biscuits. Finally, the impact of different fertilisers on grain asparagine accumulation was investigated in the field, facilitating further analysis of how this translates to differences in biscuit acrylamide content and the potential for imaging of plants and seeds to predict grain asparagine content. This showed that a nitrogen to sulphur application ratio of 10:1 (kg/ha) was sufficient to prevent large increases in free asparagine and that imaging could accurately predict free asparagine content. Overall, this body of work highlights interesting effects of genetic and environmental factors on grain asparagine content that can be used to inform future strategies for grain asparagine reduction

Macroscale Modelling of 3D-Woven Composites: Inelasticity, Progressive Damage and Final Failure

Composites with 3D-woven reinforcement have been slowly making their way into different industrial applications. The interlacement of yarns, not only in-plane but also through-thickness, means that in many applications 3D-woven composites can outperform their laminated counterparts. In particular, this includes increased out-of-plane stiffness and strength, damage tolerance and specific energy absorption properties. The widespread adoption of 3D-woven composites in industry however, requires the development of accurate and efficient computational models that can capture the material behaviour. In terms of computational efficiency, the most promising choice is to treat the material as a homogeneous and anisotropic solid. This is referred to as a macroscale model. Developing a macroscale model, which can predict how 3D-woven composites deform and eventually fail, is the main focus of this work. Particular attention is given to predicting the relevant non-linear behaviours that lead to energy absorption. A framework for modelling the mechanical response of 3D-woven composites on the macroscale is presented. The proposed framework decomposes the stress and strain tensors into two main parts motivated by the material architecture. This allows for a convenient separation of the modelling of the shear behaviour from the modelling of the behaviour along each of the reinforcement directions. In particular, this division allows for a straightforward addition and modification of various non-linear phenomena observed in 3D-woven composites. As a next step, material modelling approaches are considered and added to the framework in order to capture these non-linear phenomena. This includes the use of a viscoelastic model as well as a combined elasto-plastic and continuum damage model to capture the development of permanent deformations and stiffness reduction mechanisms. Finally, an anisotropic phase-field model extension is developed in order to induce local softening and failure in a way which does not induce spurious mesh-dependencies in finite element analyses. The model predictions are compared to experimental tests and show good agreement. The aim has been to develop a model that allows the constitutive relations to be identified directly from uniaxial cyclic stress-strain tests without the need for complex calibration schemes. However, characterising the out-of-plane behaviour is not trivial. Therefore, the current work also explores the use of high-fidelity mesoscale models as an additional source of data for model calibration and validation

Data Structure for an Archival Image System: A Proposal

Imagine that you are a researcher, preparing a history of the literary movement in the United States. You have already combed the published literature for useful information. Now it is time to look at documents created by the various people and organizations who have actually done literacy work. You are aware that, in its Arents Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University holds the papers of Laubach Literacy International and its founder, Frank Laubach, as well as the papers of Literacy Volunteers of America. These are unlike normal library materials in that they are unique collections of personal papers and organizational records

Computer processing of the bibliographic records of a small library

A project has been conducted to automate the processing of the records associated with a small, restricted-access collection of undergraduate reading material in the Library of the University of Durham. The functions of a suite of programs written by the author for an IBM 360/67 computer, and now in regular use by the Library are described. Through a simple command language, the (non-programmer) user may specify a wide variety of processes on files of bibliographic data as combinations of basic operations. He also has fine control over the layout of catalogues and other lists printed oh the line-printer. An account is given in this thesis of some of the problems which face those working on the automation of the maintenance of large library catalogues: conversion of old records to machine-readable form, filing catalogue entries and the role of computers in producing book catalogues. There is a discussion of programming and programming language in this context and a selection of new or improved features are suggested for incorporation in any future version of the Durham system. Full technical program documentation is supplementary to the thesis

Choosing Glass: Color and Impressions

In the last issue of Glass Craftsman, I said that, for me, the choice of glass is probably the most important factor contributing to artistry in stained glass. Tiffany’s company made glass for specific purposes, and raised the medium to a new level of expressive power. Now, we have a huge selection of stained glass available for our creative purposes. We just have to make the effort to familiarize ourselves to what is out there