Photosynthesis, yield and raw material quality of sugarcane injured by multiple pests

Understanding sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) response to multiple pest injury, sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) and spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata), is essential to make better management decisions. Moreover, the consequences of both pests on the sugarcane raw material quality have not yet been studied. A field experiment was performed in São Paulo State, Brazil, where sugarcane plants were exposed to pests individually or in combination. Plots consisted of a 2-m long row of caged sugarcane plants. Photosynthesis was measured once every 3 months (seasonal measurement). Yield and sugar production were assessed. The measured photosynthesis rate was negatively affected by both borer and spittlebug infestations. Photosynthesis reduction was similar on plants infested by both pests as well as by spittlebug individual infestation. Plants under spittlebug infestation resulted in yield losses and represented 17.6% (individual infestation) and 15.5% (multiple infestations). The sucrose content and the sucrose yield per area were reduced when plants were infested by multiple pests or spittlebug

The pedagogue and non-formal education : contributions from history and academic research.

Desde o s?culo XX, no mundo ocidental, a educa??o das pessoas ? conduzida por um agente principal, a escola p?blica. Segundo diferentes autores, este espa?o educacional tem sido o ?mbito hegem?nico de atua??o dos pedagogos e das pedagogas at? in?cio do s?culo XXI, ?poca em que o campo de atua??o se diversifica. Embora a escola continue sendo o espa?o educacional central onde estes se desenvolvem, existem outros como Organiza??es n?o Governamentais (ONGs), sindicatos, movimentos sociais, empresas, hospitais, a m?dia, institui??es culturais, educa??o especial, etc. Com o intuito de conhecer mais esse campo e assim contribuir na reflex?o sobre a forma??o dos Pedagogos desenvolvemos uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo adentrar na hist?ria da educa??o n?o formal e na produ??o acad?mica sobre o tema. Para seu desenvolvimento a metodologia percorreu o seguinte itiner?rio: realizamos uma pesquisa bibliogr?fica e logo ap?s um levantamento das produ??es, com o objetivo de conhecer o que se tem investigado sobre o objeto de estudo. Concluiu-se que esse mapeamento nos proporcionou identificar a incipi?ncia de pesquisas sobre a tem?tica da educa??o n?o formal.Since the 20th century, in the western world, the education of the people is led by a principal agent, the public school. According to different authors, this education space, has been the hegemonic scope of action of teachers and of him until the beginning of the 21st century, at which time the field if diversifies. Although the school remains the central educational space where they develop, there are others such as non-governmental organizations (NGOS), trade unions, social movements, companies, hospitals, the media, cultural institutions, special education, etc. In order to know more about this field and thus contribute to the reflection on the formation of the educators have developed a research that aimed to penetrate in the history of non-formal education and academic production on the theme. For the development of the methodology has traveled the following itinerary: We performed a bibliographic search and soon after a survey of production, with the goal of knowing what has investigated about the object of study. It was concluded that this mapping gave us identify the low of researches about the subject of non-formal education

Photosynthesis, yield and raw material quality of sugarcane injured by multiple pests

Understanding sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) response to multiple pest injury, sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) and spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata), is essential to make better management decisions. Moreover, the consequences of both pests on the sugarcane raw material quality have not yet been studied. A field experiment was performed in São Paulo State, Brazil, where sugarcane plants were exposed to pests individually or in combination. Plots consisted of a 2-m long row of caged sugarcane plants. Photosynthesis was measured once every 3 months (seasonal measurement). Yield and sugar production were assessed. The measured photosynthesis rate was negatively affected by both borer and spittlebug infestations. Photosynthesis reduction was similar on plants infested by both pests as well as by spittlebug individual infestation. Plants under spittlebug infestation resulted in yield losses and represented 17.6% (individual infestation) and 15.5% (multiple infestations). The sucrose content and the sucrose yield per area were reduced when plants were infested by multiple pests or spittlebug

MEDICINES WASTE POLICIES AND THE POPULATION KNOWLEDGE IN BRAZIL

Objective: To investigate the degree of knowledge of the patients enrolled in the Unified Health System of the Medicine School of ABC (Faculdade de Medicina do ABC) regarding the proper use and disposal of medicaments. Methods: Participants were recruited for convenience, during their medical appointments at the clinic of the Medical School of ABC (Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil) in the period from 04 August to 30 September 2014. Data collection was conducted through a self-administered poll designed specifically for the purpose of this study, which consisted of 25 questions multiple choice about socioeconomic issues and the subject disposal of drugs, consumption and environmental pollution. Results: We selected the 140 patients’ polls. Most of them is of white ethnicity (58%) and female (58%). Level of education: 31% have completed secondary education (31%) or incomplete graduation (19%). Most of the participants (76%) buy drugs without a prescription, and most families (76%) seek understanding by reading the labels. 71.43% reported knowing that incorrect disposal of drugs could contaminate the environment, but 78% reported never having seen or received information about these. After using, 22.15% maintains the medication at home for future use, 55% of subjects reported improper disposal sites and 13% are delivered in health care institutions. Conclusion: Our study has showed that most participants inappropriately use and dispose of drugs, even though they know they can contaminate the environment

Activities of extracts and compounds from Spiranthera odoratissima St. Hil. (Rutaceae) in leaf-cutting ants and their symbiotic fungus

The study of the Spiranthera odoratissima St. Hil (Rutaceae) branches extracts led to the isolation of the furoquinoline (dictamine, gamma-fagarine and skimmianine) and 2-arylquinoli-4-one (1-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-one) alkaloids and limonoids (limonexic acid and limonin). The compounds 1-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-one and limonexic acid were isolated for the first time from the Spiranthera. These furoquinoline and 2-arylquinoli-4-one alkaloids and limonoids showed insecticidal and/or fungicidal activity in the nest of the Atta sexdens rubropilosa