Next generation space robot

The recent research effort on the next generation space robots is presented. The goals of this research are to develop the fundamental technologies and to acquire the design parameters of the next generation space robot. Visual sensing and perception, dexterous manipulation, man machine interface and artificial intelligence techniques such as task planning are identified as the key technologies

アカイエカの濾胞の発育と越冬に関する研究

The females of the house mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens, are gonoactive in summer and have common or middle sized follicles of N to Ib in stage, while in September when temperatures fall rapidly and photoperiod becomes shorter by high speed, there occur females with large follicles and in some cases those with I-II or Ha stage ones. In late September and mainly in October, under slightly more lower temperatures, there occur females with small follicles. The females with large follicles seem to continue feeding and egg-laying till the end of autumn or even the beginning of winter and seem to die off in winter months. The females with small follicles being gonoinactive enter overwintering places such as caves which become to have middle sized follicles in January and February. The females are now gonoactive and all of them move out from the shelter with the further progress in follicular development by the end of March.25℃,12時間照明の下で1令幼虫から飼育羽化させた♀群の羽化後並びに吸血後の第1濾胞の発育を経時的に調べて記載した.この際こおける未吸血♀群の濾胞の発育状態を基準として,各種条件下で飼育羽化させた♀群或るいは自然界で採集した♀群のそれとを比較検討して.本種蚊の越冬様式を知ろうとした.夏季,吸血に来る♀群;25℃,15.2時間照明或るいは28.4℃,14.7時間照明の下で飼育羽化させた♀群の第1静止期における第1濾胞の大きさは6～8micrometer scale (1:9,725μ)で,発育期はN～Ib期のものが普通である.上の基礎実験の飼育条件である25℃,12時間照明は,日長の点では短日処理をしたことになるが,濾胞の発育状態はよい一致を示したので温度が25℃以上の場合には短日処理の影響は殆んどないものと考え得る。9月に入ると日長の短縮の度合が急に大きくなり,気温の急低下が起るが,この時期になると9以上の濾胞を持った多くの♀が出現し,発育期にもI-II又はIIa期迄進むものもみられる.気温の低下,日長の短縮が更に進むと5以下の濾胞を持ったものが多くなる.そこで,6～8の濾胞を中型又は夏型,9以上を大型,5以下を小型,と区別して吟味することにした.9月中,下旬には大型濾胞を持った♀群が多く出現するが,これらの♀はgonoactiveで秋遅くまで吸血と産卵を繰り返し多くは冬の始め迄に,或るいは冬季中に死滅するように思われる.小型濾胞を持つ♀は9月中,下旬にも出て来るが,次第に多くなり,10月に羽化するものは殆んどが小型を持つようになる.これらの♀はgonoinactiveで殆んど吸血せず,防空壕などの越年場所へ集まる.冬季中小型濾胞は中型となるが,越年場所では,越年期間を通じて,大型を持った♀は殆んど全く発見されない.所が2月中旬から野外では既に吸血活動が始まり,気温の上昇と日長の伸長が急に速度を増す3月になると次第に吸血に来る♀の数が多くなるが,これらの♀は大型濾胞を持っており,殆んどすべて未経産♀である.これらのことから越年中の♀群は,濾胞が発育するにつれてgonoactiveとなり越年場所を去ること及び経産♀の越年は非常に少ないであろう事が窺われる

アカイエカの吸血活動と濾胞の発育に及ぼす日長と温度の影響

The unfed females of Culex pipiens pallens under various natural and artificial conditions of temperatures and photoperiods were examined for the gonoactivity of the females. It was indicated that the gonoactive females which emerged as adults in September can continue to feed on animales in nature till early winter without reducing gonoactivity much under shortening photoperiod and lowering temperature. It was also shown by labortory experiments that the effect of the photoperiod on the gonoactivity is weakened at high temperatures.自然環境下及び種々の日長と温度とを組合せた実験環境条件下で,アカイエカの未吸血♀の吸血活動と濾胞の発育について調査した.その結果から次のことがわかった.9月に羽化する生殖活性の♀は,自然界の日長と気温のもとで生殖活性を低下することなくして,初冬まで吸血を続けることが出来る.実験的には,♀の生殖活性に及ぼす短日の影響は,高温下では弱められる

種々の条件下でのコガタアカイエカの栄養生殖分離

In order to understand the ecological significance for the gonotrophic dissociation in Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus females, the development of follicles, the activity of blood feeding and the incidence of gonotrophic dissociation were examined with the females which had been reared as adults under the outdoor natural or indoor experimental conditions and with those which had been caught at cowsheds. From the results obtained, it was indicated that under the conditions of the short day-length the gonotrophic dissociation occurs commonly, however the feeding rate is very low and accordingly the number itself of the females showing this phenomenon is very small. Therefore, it can be said that the gonotrcphic dissociation in this species does not play the important role on the overwintering ecology.コガタアカイエカの栄養生殖分離の果す生態学的意義を明らかにするために,夏から秋にかけて屋外の自然条件下で飼育羽化させた雌及び種々の日長と温度とを組み合せた実験条件下で飼育羽化させた雌について,濾胞の発育状態,吸血率及び栄養生殖分離率を調査し,更に春から秋にかけて牛舎で採集した吸血雌についても栄養生殖分離率を調べた.これらの調査結果から,本種雌の栄養生殖分種は短日条件下で普通に起こるが,吸血率が顕著に低いため,本現象を示す雌の数は極めて少ないことがわかった.したがって,本種の栄養生殖分離が越冬生態の上に重要な役割を果すとは思われない

ジャコウネズミ（スンクス）の指におけるパチニー小体の分布と形態-予報-

ジャコウネズミ（スンクス）足指におけるパチニー小体の形態と分布を光学顕微鏡および電子顕微鏡を用いて調べた．パチニー小体は長径約260μm，幅径約130μmの卵円体ないし楕円体である．形態学的にはネコやヒトの関節包にみられる小型の小体に類似する．周縁は10層程度の神経周膜細胞の層板（外棍）からなり，その内部には30ないし40の細胞質層板からなる内棍と神経終末部が含まれる．パチニー小体は指の屈筋腱と指骨の間の深部結合組織中に両側性に局在し，他の部位には認められない．位置関係から，これらのパチニー小体は指屈筋腱の緊張に曝されていると考えられる．すなわち，ヒトなどの比較的大型のほ乳類と同様に，ジャコウネズミにおいても，指のパチニー小体は体肢の筋活動の反射的制御に関与していることが示唆される．The distribution and morphology of the digital Pacinian corpuscles in the laboratory house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, were examined by light and electron microscopes. The Pacinian corpuscles occurred bilaterally along the digital nerves in the connective tissue between the flexor digitorum tendons and palmar aspects of the phalanges. They were oval or ellipsoidal in shape and were small, bearing structural resemblance to those occurring in the articular capsules of the cat and man. The outer core of each corpuscle is comprised of approximately 10 layers of perineural lamellae. Because the digital Pacinian corpuscles are exposed to tendinous activity, they may be involved in the regulation of muscle tonus of the limbs in the house musk shrew

Seasonal Abundance of Immature Stages of Aedes togoi at Fukue Island, Nagasaki (Diptera: Culicidae)

The seasonal prevalence of immature stages of Aedes togoi in coastal rock pools was studied at Abumize, Fukue Island, Nagasaki by estimating the absolute number of larvae (pupae inclusive) in each pool by the modified removal method. The method we used was justified by the fact that the seasonal trend of larvae coincided very well with the trend of adults. The seasonal abundance of larvae was different in years but generally lower in summer. It was shown that the important factors influencing the abundance include (1) drying up of pools by direct sunshine and little rain fall, (2) water quality that is changeable byrain fall, sprays of sea water by strong wind, and the succession of microorganisms, and (3) natural enemies such as dytiscids (Coleoptera) and notonectids (Hemiptera)

日本に於けるバンクロフト糸状虫症の伝搬蚊に対する駆除作業の効果

The most important vector of bancroftian filariasis in Japan is C. p. pallens and the secondary but only a little important one is Ae. togoi. Against the former species larvicide application once a week is practicable and very effective, but against the latter it is difficult. Residual spray by organophosphorous imagicide is very effective for the adults of both species, reducing almost perfectly the population density for a month and suppressing the transmission of the disease for about two months. Experimental eradication of filariasis by only vector control has been carried out in a village since 1962 under the cooperation of villagers in practice of timely applications of larvicide and imagicide. The success seems probably achievable by about the end of 1969.日本での最も重要なバンクロフト糸状虫症の伝搬蚊はアカイエカで,あまり重要ではないが第二番目の伝搬蚊はトウゴウヤブカである.前者に対しては週1回の幼虫駆除が実行可能であり極めて有効である.然し,後者に対しては幼虫駆除は困難である.成虫に対する有機燐剤による残留噴霧は両種の伝搬蚊に対して極めて有効であって的1ケ月間は成虫の生息密度を殆んど完全に抑圧し,約2ケ月間は蚊による感染を防止し得る.伝搬蚊を駆除する事のみによる糸状虫症の撲滅を計画し1962年以来某部落で,村民の協力を得て,幼虫駆除及び残留噴霧を適正に実施しているが,1969年の末頃迄にはその撲滅は可能であると思われる

長崎市の飼い犬の飼育環境と人畜共通寄生虫，犬糸状虫の予防の実態に関するアンケート調査

犬糸状虫の感染と犬の飼育環境や飼い主の予防の実施の有無との関連性の手がかりをつかむため，1989年と1993年に長崎市の南部の戸町地区と北部の坂本，高尾，山里の3地区の320名または397名の飼い主を対象に犬の飼育環境と予防の実態についてアンケート調査を実施した．1989年と1993年の回収率はそれぞれ65.9％または55.9％であった．感染率の低い北部3 地区では家の中で犬を飼うと答えた人が多かった．感染率の高い南部の1地区では庭で犬を飼う人が多かった．このことから南部の犬は北部の犬に比べて主要伝搬蚊であるアカイエカに刺される機会が多くなることが推測される．予防措置としてはどの地区でも蚊取り線香が高頻度に使われていることがわかった．予防薬を投与している飼い主は一般に少なかった．To examine the role of living environments of domestic dogs and the measures taken by dogs owners to protect their dogs in the prevention of Dirofilaria immitis infection, we carried out a questionnaire survey in Tomachi (from the southern part of Nagasaki City) and Sakamoto, Takao and Yamazato (from the northern part of the same city) in 1989 (for 320 dog owners) and 1993 (for 397 owners). The percentage of dog owners who answered to the questionnaire was 65.9% in 1989 and 55.9% in 1993. In the northern 3 districts where positive rates the percentage of larvae-carrying dogs were low, dogs were often kept indoors. In the southern district (Tomachi) where the positive rate was high, dogs were often kept outdoors (in the yard). The high percentage of dogs kept outdoors in Tomachi seems to have increased the exposure of dogs to main vector mosquito, Cx. p. pallens. In all districts, mosquito-repellent coils were most frequently used as a means to control mosquitoes. The percentage of dog owners who used preventive drugs tended to be low

日本脳炎伝搬蚊、特にコガタアカイエカの生態 : 2.終夜採集法による夜間吸血活動性と吸血嗜好性

All-night-catches of mosquitoes were made four times at human huts, by human-baited-traps, at animal sheds, and by dry-ice-traps, two times in June and once in September, 1965 and once in August, 1966. The hourly distributions of the collected females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus usually had a high post-sunset peak, and occasionally a low peak before or around sunrise. It was also shown that the order of mosquito species in the appearance of the post-sunset peak, early to late, is as follows: Aedes vexans nipponii, and Armigeres subalbatus>Anopheles sinensis, Culex neovishnui, and C. tritaeniorhynchus>C. pipiens pallens. As for the host preference of mosquitoes, it was shown from the percentage compositions of mosquitoes collected by various methods that C. tritaeniorhynchus, An. sinensis, Ae. vexans nipponii, and Ar. subalbatus are zoophilic; C, neovishnui is ornithophilic and zoophilic; and C. pipiens pallens is ornithophilic and anthropophilic.1965年6月と9月及び1966年8月に,人またはドライアイスを用いたトラップにより,あるいは豚舎,牛舎または鶏舎において,計4回の蚊の終夜採集を行なった.コガタアカイエカ雌成虫の採集数の時刻的消長には,多くの場合には日没後にピークが見られ,ある場合には日出前後にも小さなピークが見られる.日没後のピーク出現の時刻は蚊の種類により違っていて,次の順序である:キンイロヤブカ,オオクロヤブカ>シナハマダラカ,シロハシイエカ,コガタアカイエカ>アカイエカ.種々の方法で採集した蚊の種類構成から,吸血嗜好性を判断すれば,次の通りである:コガタアカイエカ,シナハマダラカ,キンイロヤブカ,オオクロヤブカは大動物嗜好性;シロハシイエカは鳥類嗜好性及び大動物嗜好性;アカイエカは鳥類嗜好性及び人類嗜好性

Virus-Mediated Transient Expression Techniques Enable Functional Genomics Studies and Modulations of Betalain Biosynthesis and Plant Height in Quinoa

スーパー作物キヌアにおける遺伝子機能の解析技術を開発 --優れた環境適応性や栄養特性の謎を解き、作物開発を加速化--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-03-19.Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), native to the Andean region of South America, has been recognized as a potentially important crop in terms of global food and nutrition security since it can thrive in harsh environments and has an excellent nutritional profile. Even though challenges of analyzing the complex and heterogeneous allotetraploid genome of quinoa have recently been overcome, with the whole genome-sequencing of quinoa and the creation of genotyped inbred lines, the lack of technology to analyze gene function in planta is a major limiting factor in quinoa research. Here, we demonstrate that two virus-mediated transient expression techniques, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and virus-mediated overexpression (VOX), can be used in quinoa. We show that apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) can induce gene silencing of quinoa phytoene desaturase (CqPDS1) in a broad range of quinoa inbred lines derived from the northern and southern highland and lowland sub-populations. In addition, we show that ALSV can be used as a VOX vector in roots. Our data also indicate that silencing a quinoa 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 4, 5-dioxygenase gene (CqDODA1) or a cytochrome P450 enzyme gene (CqCYP76AD1) inhibits betalain production and that knockdown of a reduced-height gene homolog (CqRHT1) causes an overgrowth phenotype in quinoa. Moreover, we show that ALSV can be transmitted to the progeny of quinoa plants. Thus, our findings enable functional genomics in quinoa, ushering in a new era of quinoa research