Dental caries clinical and experimental investigations

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)pental caries is the most prevalent of all diseases among civilized peo_ple. ~_n_ol middl~~-~o=~ay with ~full c§rfectly healthy tee!h. From various statistics obtained ffo·m- practically every country in the world, the incidence is estimated to be over 95 per cent. By this is meant that more than 95 ont of every 100 persons suffer or have suffered at some time from one or more carious teeth. Statistics are based mostly on dental examinations of school children, because of the obvious difficulty of examining large groups of adults for dental defects. There is a lamentable lack of reliable and accurate statistics concerning the incidence of dental caries in most civilized countries. Klein and Palmer (1938) reported that the incidence of dental caries (as defined above) among elementary school children in the United States is 95 per cent. Day and Sedwick (1935) found the incidence among Rochester (N.Y.) schoolchildren to be 99 per cent. The final report of the Mixed Committee of the League of Nations of 1937 shows that in Norway, of 25,000 school children examined, only 160 possessed perfect sets of teeth, or 99 per cent. affected by dental caries. Day and Sedwick (1935) state that, in the county of Shropshire in England, 97 per cent. of the children at the age of 12 had dental caries. The Director-General of Health of New Zealand, in .his annual report of 1941, states that of 52,500 children examined, 95 per cent. were affected by caries: In India, Day and Tandan (1940) reported that the incidence of dental caries among urban children in Labore was 94 per cent. In South Africa, Friel and Shaw (1931) found 93 per cent. of urban children suffering from dental caries. Staz (1938) reported that of 300 European adults examined in Johannesburg none showed caries-free mouths

Proteolytic Cleavage of Apolipoprotein E in the Down Syndrome Brain

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability and is characterized by a number of behavioral as well as cognitive symptoms. Many of the neuropathological features of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are also present in people with DS as a result of triplication of the amyloid precursor gene on chromosome 21. Evidence suggests that harboring one or both apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) alleles may increase the risk for AD due to the proteolytic cleavage of apoE4 and a subsequent loss of function. To investigate a role for the apoE proteolysis in vivo, we compared three autopsy groups; 7 DS with AD neuropathology cases over 40 years, 5 young DS cases without AD pathology under 40 years (YDS) and 5 age-matched control cases over 40 years by immunohistochemistry utilizing an antibody that detects the amino-terminal fragment of apoE. Application of this antibody, termed the amino-terminal apoE fragment antibody (nApoECF) revealed labeling of pyramidal neurons in the frontal cortex of YDS cases, whereas in the DS-AD group, labeling with nApoECF was prominent within NFTs. NFT labeling with nApoECF was significantly greater in the hippocampus versus the frontal cortex in the same DS-AD cases, suggesting a regional distribution of truncated apoE. Colocalization immunofluorescence experiments indicated that 52.5% and 53.2% of AT8- and PHF-1-positive NFTs, respectively, also contained nApoECF. Collectively, these data support a role for the proteolytic cleavage of apoE in DS and suggest that apoE fragmentation is closely associated with NFTs

A Proposal for a Near Detector Experiment on the Booster Neutrino Beamline: FINeSSE: Fermilab Intense Neutrino Scattering Scintillator Experiment

219 pages219 pagesUnderstanding the quark and gluon substructure of the nucleon has been a prime goal of both nuclear and particle physics for more than thirty years and has led to much of the progress in strong interaction physics. Still the flavor dependence of the nucleon's spin is a significant fundamental question that is not understood. Experiments measuring the spin content of the nucleon have reported conflicting results on the amount of nucleon spin carried by strange quarks. Quasi-elastic neutrino scattering, observed using a novel detection technique, provides a theoretically clean measure of this quantity. The optimum neutrino beam energy needed to measure the strange spin of the nucleon is 1 GeV. This is also an ideal energy to search for neutrino oscillations at high $\Delta m^2$ in an astrophysically interesting region. Models of the r-process in supernovae which include high-mass sterile neutrinos may explain the abundance of neutron-rich heavy metals in the universe. These high-mass sterile neutrinos are outside the sensitivity region of any previous neutrino oscillation experiments. The Booster neutrino beamline at Fermilab provides the world's highest intensity neutrino beam in the 0.5-1.0 GeV energy range, a range ideal for both of these measurements. A small detector located upstream of the MiniBooNE detector, 100 m from the recently commissioned Booster neutrino source, could definitively measure the strange quark contribution to the nucleon spin. This detector, in conjunction with the MiniBooNE detector, could also investigate $\nu_{\mu}$ disappearance in a currently unexplored, cosmologically interesting region

The incidence of gastro-intestinal disorders in Edentulous inmates in a work colony

Very little is known concerning the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in edentulous persons, though it is generally believed by medical and dental practitioners that an edentulous state will predispose to such disorders. In order to ascertain to what extent these views can be substantiated a number of edentulous male inmates in the Sonderwater Work Colony were examined during the period from 1951 to 1956