Ottoman Arabia and the Holy Hijaz, 1516-1918

Governments in Arabia today usually ignore the Ottoman Empire’s history in the region, but the Ottomans from 1516 to 1918 played a key role in coastal regions, especially in the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina. While Ottoman administrations intermittently ruled in Yemen and eastern Arabia, their influence was greatest in the holy Hijaz, the site of the worldwide pilgrimage. However, Ottoman rule was limited by Istanbul’s distance from Arabia. Religion played a significant role in determining the nature of Ottoman control, helping to legitimize the state among its subjects. A detailed analysis of one province, the Hijaz, with a particular emphasis on the period from 1840 to 1908, shows the impact of general factors on political history. Hijazi environmental, social, and gender history were modestly influenced by the centralizing Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire in Arabia succeeded in notably slowing the encroachment of European imperialism into the heart of Islam

Religion, society, and the state in Arabia: the Hijaz under Ottoman control, 1840-1908

(print) xiii, 241 p. : ill. ; 24 cmPreface ix -- Abbreviations xv -- PART I : The Religious, Social, and Economic History of the Hijaz Introduction: Religion, the Ottomans, and the Hijaz 3 -- Chapter 1 : People and Places 10 -- Chapter 2 : Religion 39 -- Chapter 3 : Pilgrimage and Health 58 -- Chapter 4 : Learning and Law 74 -- Chapter 5 : Commerce 92 -- Chapter 6 : Social Organization 113 -- PART II : The Political History of the Hijaz -- Chapter 7 : Restoration and Rebellion, 1840-1858 131 -- Chapter 8 : The Tranquil Amirate, 1859-1882 153 -- Chapter 9 : Compromise Challenged, Established, and Threatened Anew, 1883-1908 186 -- Conclusions 220 -- Appendix : Amirs of the Hijaz, 1840-1908 227 -- Glossary 228 -- Bibliography 229 -- Index 23

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Meeting Abstracts: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo Clearwater Beach, FL, USA. 9-11 June 201

The Transformation of Education in the Hijaz, 1925–1945

Centered on the development of government and private education in the urban centers of the Hijaz in the first twenty years of Saudi control, this article emphasizes the agency of teachers and administrators, the activities of private schools, the interaction of religion and secular subjects, and substantial educational reforms and expansion for male students. Saudi educators had to overcome the damages caused by World War I and Hashemite rule, limited economic and human resources, the linguistic diversity of students, and the impact of the Depression and World War II. Despite these problems the Saudi Hijaz witnessed improvements in the curriculum (including foreign language instruction), teacher training, administration, and funding. The changes involved some interaction with the Egyptian education system, but Saudi Arabia retained its independence in education policy matters.Centré sur le développement de l'enseignement public et privé dans les centres urbains du Hedjaz au cours des vingt premières années de contrôle saoudien, cet article fait le point sur les relations entre enseignants et administrateurs, les activités des écoles privées, les croisements entre enseignement religieux et séculier, les réformes et l'expansion de l'enseignement pour les garçons. La Première Guerre mondiale et le régime hachémite, les ressources économiques et humaines limitées, la diversité linguistique des élèves, l'impact de la Dépression et celui de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ont mis le développement de l’enseignement à l’épreuve. Malgré ces problèmes, le Hedjaz saoudien a connu des développements notables en ce qui concerne les matières enseignées (notamment les langues étrangères), la formation des enseignants, l'administration et le financement du secteur. Les changements ont impliqué la mise en relation avec le système éducatif égyptien, mais l'Arabie saoudite a conservé son indépendance en matière de politique éducative.يهتم هذا المقال الذي يركز على تطور التعليم العام والخاص في المناطق الحضرية في الحجاز خلال السنوات العشرين الاولى من السيطرة السعودية بالتنسيق بين المعلمين والإداريين وبأنشطة المدارس الخاصة وبالتفاعل بين الدين والمواد العلمانية وبالإصلاحات وبالتوسع الجوهري للتعليم بين الطلبة الذكور. وقد كان على المعلمين السعوديين ان يتغلبوا على الخسائر الناتجة عن الحرب العالمية الاولى والنظام الهاشمي، وعلى الموارد الاقتصادية والبشرية المحدودة، وعلى التنوع اللغوي للتلاميذ وعلى آثار الكساد الاقتصادي والحرب العالمية الثانية. وبالرغم من هذه المشاكل، شهد الحجاز السعودي تحسنا في برنامج الدراسة (بما في ذلك تعليم اللغات الاجنبية)، وفي تأهيل المعلمين وفي الادارة وفي التمويل.وقد اقتضت التغيرات نوعا من التداخل مع النظام التربوي المصري إلا أن المملكة العربية السعودية حافظت على استقلالها فيما يتعلق بسياستها التربوية

The commercial history of the Hijaz Vilayet 1840–1908

Donated by Klaus KreiserReprinted from in : Arabian Studies 6, 1982

The Financing of the Hijaz Railroad

Donated by Klaus KreiserReprinted from in : Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 14, No: 1, 1930